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This study replicates and extends previous inquiries on the relations between regime type and conflict involvement of states. It examines the robustness of previous findings with respect to various regime attributes, various conflict involvement measures, and units of analysis. Using two comprehensive datasets on polity characteristics and militarized interstate disputes, the empirical analyses reveal: (1) There are no relations between regime type and conflict involvement measures when the unit of analysis is the individual polity (i.e., a state characterized by a certain regime type over a given time span); this finding is robust in that it holds over most regime characteristics and conflict involvement measures. (2) There is a significant relationship between the regime characteristics of a dyad and the probability of conflict involvement of that dyad: Democracies rarely clash with one another, and never fight one another in war. (3) Both the proportion of democratic dyads and the proportion of autocratic dyads in the international system significantly affect the number of disputes begun and underway. But the proportion of democratic dyads in the system has a negative effect on the number of wars begun and on the proportion of disputes that escalate to war.

Das International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) ist ein länderübergreifendes, fortlaufendes Umfrageprogramm, das jährlich Erhebungen zu Themen durchführt, die für die Sozialwissenschaften wichtig sind. Das Programm begann 1984 mit vier Gründungsmitgliedern - Australien, Deutschland, Großbritannien und den Vereinigten Staaten - und ist inzwischen auf fast 50 Mitgliedsländer aus aller Welt angewachsen. Da die Umfragen auf Replikationen ausgelegt sind, können die Daten sowohl für länder- als auch für zeitübergreifende Vergleiche genutzt werden. Jedes ISSP-Modul konzentriert sich auf ein bestimmtes Thema, das in regelmäßigen Zeitabständen wiederholt wird. Details zur Durchführung der nationalen ISSP-Umfragen entnehmen Sie bitte der Dokumentation. Die vorliegende Studie konzentriert sich auf Fragen zu Umwelt, Klimawandel und Umweltschutz.

The present study analyses a key contemporary transformation in international law: the ascent of China and the decline of the hegemony of the United States. I shall here construct a two-stage theoretical picture of China's mission to establish a regional order with Beijing at the centre. First, I present the argument that international law is a vehicle for hegemonic ideology and practice, taking my orientation from Gramscian theories of hegemony. Second, I shall unfold the Chinese Dream—a Confucian variant of neoliberalism—and the One Belt One Road Initiative, to demonstrate that China's evolution into a core production zone in the neoliberal world economy may be achieved through international legal structures.

This paper reports on progress made on Nicaragua's National Human Development Plan as of 2010. The operational goal for Nicaragua's National Human Development Plan is economic growth with increased employment and reduced inequality and poverty. The results for 2007?10 highlight a significant reduction in inequality among Nicaraguans based on better distribution of income and consumption. This has been possible owing to redistributive government policies with positive results, economic recovery, and positive economic growth in the midst of a world financial and economic crisis

Scope & Topics International Journal of BRIC Business Research (IJBBR) is a Quarterly peer-reviewed and refereed open access journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the BRIC Business Research. The emergence of the BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China) economies increasingly creates numerous opportunities for business and investment that it is important to analyze many factors such as culture, language, history and politics for the success of the business. This journal aims to provide a platform for exchanging ideas in new emerging trends that needs more focus and exposure and will attempt to publish proposals that strengthen our goals.

AbstractInternational trade is likely to be a hugely important and interesting area for research by agricultural and applied economists in the next decade. While the questions for research are likely to change—with less emphasis on large‐scale international negotiations and more on national reforms and regional agreements—there will be important challenges in understanding the driving forces for world agricultural markets, in trade policy, and in ensuring food security. New analytical techniques built on the gravity model and geospatial production data create many opportunities for innovative applications and expand the range of questions to which researchers in this field can effectively respond.

The relevance of the article lies in the fact that the international activity of the cities of our country in the context of the escalating geopolitical confrontation, which has global and regional dimensions, is becoming increasingly important for the formation and implementation of the foreign policy of the Russian Federation. The city is becoming a real actor in modern international relations, often being able to defend its own interests by influencing the foreign policy of the state to meet local needs. Through its international activities, the city creates the image of the state in the world political arena, shows its reputation and solvency. In the course of the study, it was revealed that Russian cities, when building their international relations, act within the framework of federal legislation. By their activities, they confirm their ability to be present in the international arena. Their activity is conditioned by the concentration of power structures, resources, finances, motivation and capabilities of governors and mayors. Basically, cities implement paradiplomatic and soft-power approaches to conducting their international relations, and in this regard, they develop relations with foreign partners in the field of culture, education, etc. Thus, as a result, it can be stated that Moscow is a "global city" and a megacity in which key political and other structures, both national and international, are concentrated. Being the capital of the country, Moscow has sufficient influence on the world community, conducts active international activities, and has the ability to influence the foreign policy course of the Russian Federation. Consequently, Moscow occupies a significant place in the system of international relations.