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Rather than exploring once again what the concept of power can mean for constructivists, this article analyses what constructivism implies for doing a conceptual analysis; here, of power. It will try to show that besides an analytical assessment (`what does power mean'), a constructivist conceptual analysis includes a study of the performative aspects of concepts (`what does `power' do'?), which, in turn is embedded into a conceptual history or genealogy (how has `power' become to mean and able to do what it does?'). The analysis will show that a neutral or descriptive meaning of power cannot be found, since the meaning of power is always embedded in a theoretical context; hence conceptual and theoretical analysis interact with each other. It will further argue that attributing `power' has the effect of `politicising' issues, moving actions into the scrutiny of a public realm where justifications are needed. Finally, it sketches one hypothetical lineage for understanding the origins of these particular performative effects, which relates developments in German political theory to political realism in International Relations. At the same time, the article is meant to convey a more general point for the relationship between constructivist conceptual analysis and power: by stressing the reflexive relationship between knowledge and social reality, such a conceptual analysis is itself part (but only part!) of a more general constructivist power analysis.

The European Union (EU) is widely seen as a novel kind of actor in international politics. This has been captured succinctly by Ian Manner's term `normative power Europe'. This article reviews the literature on the concept of normative power and relates it to the earlier literature on civilian power. It argues that these concepts of power should be seen as part of the same discourse; a discourse which is not confined to the EU, but includes the cases of other great powers, such as the United States (US). The example of the US leads to a problematisation of `normative power Europe' that does not focus on the discrepancy between rhetoric and concrete policies, or on the inconsistencies of EU policies, but on the political effects of the construction of the EU as a normative power; i.e., on the power of the `normative power Europe' discourse. With illustrations drawn from the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership, Turkey-EU relations and the sanctions against Austria, I argue that this discourse establishes a particular identity for the EU through turning third parties into `others' and representing the EU as a positive force in world politics. The article concludes with a call for more reflexivity in the representation of the EU as a normative power.

This paper explores the nuances of the perceptions of Japan by Korea's reformist press of the late 1890s, chiefly by Tongnip sinmun (1896–1899, edited by So Chaep'il and Yun Ch'iho). The main finding of the paper is that, despite the Christian reformists' avowed allegiance to the USA as their ideal model of "civilization", Japan was taken as a practical model – an example of how a fellow East Asian country, which was supposedly "30 years ago even more backward than Korea", could succeed in "civilizing" itself. At the same time, reformists' nationalist reaction against domineering "colonial" behavior of the Japanese inside Korea often took the form of an appeal to "international" – read "American"/"European" – "standards of civilization". The conclusion the study of some of the earliest forms of Korea's Westernizing nationalism leads us to is that the "Occidentalist" worldview of the early Christian nationalist reformers was a complex, multi-layered and often self-contradictory phenomenon, in which "oppressive" features are not easily distinguishable from "liberational" ones. Its key treatment – the prettified, essentialized picture of the "Occident", believed to be the only "true", "ideal" civilization – could work "oppressively" as it put Korea's traditional culture in the position of "barbarism" to be exorcized, while looking "emancipatory" when used as the yardstick for criticism of Japanese encroachment.

The variation among advanced capitalist democracies in terms of welfare programs has been well documented. Given the theoretical relationship between public opinion & public policy in democratic states, we should expect to see similar differences among such countries in terms of their mass political preferences. Rooted in Esping-Andersen's familiar & influential 'Three Worlds' typology, this paper provides an analysis of this relationship for 18 advanced capitalist democracies using International Social Survey Program, World Values Survey, & Eurobarometer data. Results suggest (1) a noticeable ideological rift between the more libertarian English-speaking countries & the more socially oriented states of Scandinavia, continental Europe, & Japan; (2) a strong fit between differences in public opinion & variation in policy orientation when ideological responses are considered separately from policy-oriented results, consistent with both Free & Cantril (1968) & Coughlin (1980); (3) the unexpected emergence of Sweden & GB as anomalous cases that exhibit patterns of policy preferences at odds with their statuses as bulwarks of the Social Democratic & Liberal welfare types, respectively; & (4) a relationship between public opinion & social policy roughly similar to that of previously established causal relationships, justifying the further examination of mass political preferences as a source of the variation in policy among our sample countries. 6 Tables, 46 References. Adapted from the source document.

Prior to the late 1990s, Ecuadorian international migration was directed primarily toward the United States. Of the estimated 400,000 Ecuadorians living in the United States, most are concentrated in metropolitan New York and many hail from the south–central highlands of Cañar and Azuay Provinces. In the mid– to late–1990s, Ecuador entered a political and economic crisis just as clandestine transportation to the United States became increasingly expensive and dangerous. Within two years Ecuadorian migration diversified radically and a "new emigration" formed. Many thousands of Ecuadorians from throughout the country migrated to Europe, mostly Spain, but also to France, Italy, and The Netherlands. Prior to 1998, few Ecuadorians lived in Europe, but now, Ecuadorians are the largest immigrant group in Madrid and one of the largest in Spain. The migrant stream was led by women and composed of people from a variety of ethnic and socioeconomic backgrounds. Ecuadorians find themselves working in a variety of services (especially women) and negotiating a volatile, even hostile, social, and political environment.This "new emigration" has numerous implications for Ecuadorian families, the economy, and the nation–state. Understanding the implications requires a comparative approach that examines at least three aspects of the new emigration: the role of gender, the importance of transnational ties and connections, and the emerging roles of state and non–state actors in the formalization of migration.

Globalization of human capital through international migration is no longer about global physical presence only; it is also about global applicability of skills across various fields of specialization. This marks the main characteristics of skilled migration from India to developed countries in the twenty‐first century. The focus is shifting away from professionals in specific occupations, like doctors, engineers, scientists, architects, bankers, to information technology (IT) professionals embodying, in a way, more generic skills.In other words, it is the generic applicability of information and communications technology (ICT) which has led to large‐scale migration of Indians skilled in IT.Moreover, the exodus comprises not only the fully trained and educated workers going abroad for employment, but also students ‐ the semi‐finished human capital ‐ pursuing higher education in onshore as well as offshore universities of the developed countries.The new emigration is directed towards traditional host countries in the West such as the UK, Canada, and the US, but also towards newly emerging destinations in continental Europe (Germany, France, Belgium, Italy, Denmark), Australasia (Australia, New Zealand), East Asia (Japan, Republic of Korea), and South‐East Asia (Singapore, Malaysia).By using mainly current information and informal data as reported in the media, this article perceives emerging trends and changes in the context of the global labour market for skills, and suggests a possible framework towards evolving strategies of remedial development.

The last few decades have been notable for the considerable attention which managers and their effectiveness have received. However, despite copious writing and concern for this illusive organizational phenomenon, mostly in the developed world, still a great deal of confusion and concern surrounds the subject. Recently, however, attention has been drawn to the importance of the role of the public sector, particularly its senior managers and executives, towards the realization of the growth and development of the developing world. This paper is based on the findings of a research project which was funded by the Economic and Social Committee for Overseas Research (ESCOR), and The Department of International Development, and which has been carried out in the Ministry of Environment and Science and Technology, in Ghana. The study has aimed to identify the causal and behavioural influences which determine the managerial effectiveness of senior managers in the public sector. The results point to the presence of clusters of factors which constitute "parameters" of effectiveness at work. These include the managers' "perception", "awareness", "competency skills", "needs" and "motivation" and the inherent "constraints and demands" which determine senior managers' effectiveness. It is concluded that a better understanding of the subject requires attention being paid to the managers' "choice" and their "meaningful actions", within an open system context.

510States — Criteria for Statehood — Montevideo Convention, 1933 — Independence in external relations — Entity not recognized as a State by any other State but one — Whether possessing functional independence — Whether meeting criteria of Statehood — Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus — Establishment in 1983 — Condemnation by United Nations Security CouncilRecognition — States — Whether declaratory or constitutive — Effects of recognition and non-recognition — Collective non-recognition — Whether preventing entity from becoming a State — Effects of recognition in municipal law — United Kingdom tax legislation — Reference to "foreign State" — Whether meaning State recognized by the United Kingdom — Cyprus Act 1960Nationality — Relevant law — Whether individuals Commonwealth citizens or not — Inhabitants of northern Cyprus — Whether nationals of the Republic of Cyprus — British Nationality Act 1981 — Nationality laws of the Republic of Cyprus — Nationality legislation of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus — Which law to be given effect by courts in the United KingdomRelationship of international law and municipal law — Conduct of external relations — Whether courts should defer to the views of the Executive — Whether foreign entity to be treated as a State — Unequivocal denial of Statehood by Executive — Significance of dealings between Executive and foreign entity — Whether government-to-government dealings — Act of State and non-justiciability — Principle that courts will not question the validity of laws of a recognized foreign State — The law of England

Proposes the establishment of a management information system (MIS) for the promotion of safety in shipping. Considers the information technology in shipping to be the combination of satellite systems and computers onboard and ashore. In this combination, which enables the provision of an optimum selection and management of data for automatic or human decision making, the role of satcoms is information transfer and that of computers is information processing. Acknowledges the importance of the human factor in shipping safety. Human decisions affecting shipping safety often depend on the quantity and quality of the available information. In the proposed MIS the need to improve the limited ability of humans to receive, store, process and interpret information, which is usually vast and complex, is acknowledged and fulfilled. Among the available maritime satcom systems and computer services, the proposal reveals those services which satisfy the criteria of useful, interactive, flexible, fast, reliable and low‐cost transfer and management of information in support of safety‐oriented decision making in shipping operations. The proposed MIS integrates the information resources of shipping office(s), the ship(s) and the maritime‐related industry as a whole and provides the shipping company with the capability to document, monitor and control the safety‐critical aspect of "technical reliability" towards promotion of safety in shipping and compliance with the International Safety Management Code.

284International organizations — United Nations — Security Council — Powers to maintain international peace and security — Security Council Resolutions — Whether capable of having direct effect in municipal law — Resolution No. 687 (1991) — Imposition of levy on Iraqi petroleum exports to compensate victims of Gulf War — Whether depriving Iraq of general immunity from executionState immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — Commercial activity — Agreement with private company for construction of buildings — Enforcement of foreign judgment relating to agreement — Whether foreign State entitled to jurisdictional immunityState immunity — Attachment and execution — Scope of immunity — Enforcement of exequatur for foreign judgment — Whether foreign State entitled to invoke immunity from execution to oppose application for enforcement — Whether Belgian courts required to examine whether conditions for service complied with in proceedings before French courtsState immunity — Attachment and execution — Bank accounts — Funds allegedly allocated for diplomatic functions — Criteria for determining whether funds immune from attachment — Whether courts of forum entitled to question statements made by sending State concerning allocation of fundsDiplomatic relations — Immunity — Property — Embassy bank account — Whether enjoying automatic immunity from execution — Funds allegedly allocated for diplomatic functions — Burden of proof — Whether courts of receiving State entitled to verify nature of funds deposited by embassy — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961Economics, trade and finance — State contracts — Liability for debts — Enforcement of judgment against foreign State — The law of Belgium

1Aliens — Refugees — Asylum — First country of asylum — Determination of — Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951, and Protocol, 1967 — Requirement to apply for refugee status in first country of asylum — Ethiopian of Eritrean origin applying for refugee status in the Netherlands after residing in Italy — Whether entitled to refugee status in the Netherlands — Whether Italy first country of asylumAliens — Refugees — Refugee status — Criteria for grant — Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951, and Protocol, 1967 — Test of well-founded fear of persecution in country of nationality — Ethiopian of Eritrean origin — Whether required to demonstrate active political involvement in Eritrean secessionist movement — Significance of failure to claim refugee status on arrival in the NetherlandsAliens — Refugees — Treatment — Right of equal access to courts of country of habitual residence — Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951, and Protocol, 1967, Article 16(2)Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — Whether creating directly applicable rights and obligations for individuals — Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951, and Protocol, 1967Treaties — Effect in municipal law — Priority of treaty provisions over conflicting provisions of municipal law — Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951, and Protocol, 1967 — Whether Convention having primacy over conflicting provisions of municipal law — The law of the Netherlands

596Diplomatic relations — Diplomats — Position and functions — Failure of sending State to pay salaries of its diplomats — Diplomats unable to support themselves and claiming social security in receiving State — Whether dependence of diplomats on social security in receiving State compromising independent performance of diplomatic functions — Whether payment of social security by receiving State in such circumstances violating Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961, or rules of customary international law — Means available to receiving State for obtaining recall of diplomats by sending State in such circumstances — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, Article 9Diplomatic relations — Diplomats — Position and functions — Position of diplomats during civil war in sending State — Lack of effective government in sending State — Non-payment of salaries of diplomats — Whether diplomats required to renounce diplomatic statusDiplomatic relations — Immunity — Exemption from social security provisions in receiving State — Scope of exemption — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961, Article 33 — Whether excluding right to claim social security in receiving State — Whether diplomat required to renounce diplomatic status prior to claiming social security597Treaties — Interpretation — Ordinary meaning — Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969 — Article 31(1) — Multilateral treaties — Authority of different texts — Article 33(1) of Convention — Whether permissible to use text in which the Treaty is not authentic — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Conduct of foreign relations — Treaty-making power — United Kingdom — Whether exercise of treaty-making power subject to judicial review — Treaty on European Union, 1992 ("Maastricht Treaty") — Extent to which Crown's treaty-making power can be fettered by Parliament — European Communities Act 1972, Section 2(1) — European Parliamentary Elections Act 1978, Section 6 — European Communities (Amendment) Act 1993Treaties — Effect in municipal law — Treaty on European Union, 1992 — Ratification by United Kingdom — Protocols — Whether ratification of Treaty automatically involving ratification of Protocols — Evidence from practice of other signatory States — European Communities (Amendment) Act 1993, Section 1(2)Treaties — Conclusion and operation — Constitutional limitations — Treaty on European Union, 1992 — Protocol on social policy — Ratification by United Kingdom — Exclusion of applicability to United Kingdom by European Communities (Amendment) Act 1993, Section 1(2) — Possible indirect effect of Protocol under domestic law — Whether requiring parliamentary approval167Treaties — Conclusion and operation — Constitutional limitations — Treaty on European Union, 1992 — Extension of powers of European Community — Establishment of common foreign and security policy — Whether constituting abandonment or transfer of Crown's prerogative powers — Whether requiring municipal legislationInternational organizations — EEC — Powers — Institutions — Extension of powers by treaty — Treaty on European Union, 1992 — Protocol on social policy — Common foreign and security policy — The law of England

« Ana-Yana » : los que parten lejos del País Dogon (Mali)
Véronique PETIT
El objeto es el estudio de los movimientos migratorios de los Dogon (Distrito de Sangha, acantilados de Bandiagara, Mali) y más especificamente de su emigración international. Se distinguen tres grandes tipos de movimientos migratorios : los flujos internacionales hacia Africa del Oeste, los movimientos internos en Mali (de una región a otra) y una emigración de recolonización de la planicie del Seno Gondo. Cada tipo de emigración tiene características particulares ton respecto al sexo, a la edad, a la nuptialidad así como al origen topográfico de los emigrantes. La emigración internacional es, en la mayoría de los casos, una emigración de hombres. La emigración de las mujeres es sobre todo una emigración de proximidad, estas se desplazan prioritariamente hacia la planicie, y luego a otras regiones de Mali. Muy pocas se dirigen al extranjero. Entre los imigrantes internacionales, los solteros estan sobrerepresentados, mientras que los desplazamientos internos son sobre todo el hecho de individuos casados. La destinación de la emigración (extranjero, planicie, otra región de Mali) depende en parte igualmente de la localización topográfica del pueblo de origen del emigrante (zona de desprendimientos o zonas de planicie). Concluimos por un análisis sociológico de las causas y consecuencias de la emigración para la sociedad dogon.

578Treaties — Effect in municipal law — EEC Treaty, 1957 — Legislation enacted by EEC institutions — Status under municipal law — Regulations — Direct applicability — Conditions — EEC Council Regulation No 570/86 on Trade between the Community and the Canary IslandsTreaties — Effect in municipal law — Treaty concerning the Accession of Spain and Portugal to the European Communities, 1985 and Protocol No 2 — Territorial scope of Community for customs purposes — Direct applicability of acts of Community institutions — Community regulation enacted shortly after accession of new Member States in execution of Protocol No 2Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — Incorporation of provisions into municipal legal order — Spanish Constitution, Article 93 — EEC Treaty, 1957 — Nature of legal order established by TreatyTreaties — Conclusion and operation — Constitutional limitations — Acts of institutions established by EEC Treaty — Method of implementation under municipal law — Executive order — Legality — Reference to Community regulation as basis for exercise of executive regulatory powersInternational organizations — EEC — Legal status — Powers — Legislation — Regulations enacted by Council — Whether directly applicable in municipal legal order of Member States — EEC Treaty, 1957 — Article 189 — Institutions — Court of Justice of the European Communities — Powers — Article 177 — Effect of decisions in municipal legal order of Member StatesEconomics, trade and finance — Taxation — EEC Treaty, 1957 — Customs union — Definition of the concept of "originating products" — EEC Council Regulation No 570/86 — The law of Spain