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Switzerland definitively adopted, on 25 September 2020, a law adapting its federal law to distributed ledger technology (DLT). As the European Commission had just tabled its own proposal for a legislative package on crypto-assets the day before, the scheme devised by Switzerland, not constrained by EU law but with a sophisticated financial market, deserves consideration. ; Switzerland definitively adopted, on September 25, 2020, a law adapting its federal law to distributed ledger technology (DLT). While the European Commission had just presented, the day before, its own proposal for a legislative package on crypto-assets, the framework designed by Switzerland, a country not constrained by European law, but endowed with a sophisticated financial market, deserves an exam. ; Switzerland definitively adopted, on 25 September 2020, a law adapting its federal law to distributed ledger technology (DLT). As the European Commission had just tabled its own proposal for a legislative package on crypto-assets the day before, the scheme devised by Switzerland, not constrained by EU law but with a sophisticated financial market, deserves consideration. ; La Suisse a adopté définitivement, le 25 septembre 2020, une loi d'adaptation de son droit fédéral à la technologie des registres distribués (TRD). Alors que la Commission européenne venait de déposer, la veille, sa propre proposition d'un paquet législatif sur les crypto-actifs, le dispositif conçu par la Suisse, non contrainte par le droit européen, mais dotée d'un marché financier sophistiqué, mérite un examen.

RESUMEN: Este trabajo ofrece una interpretación del elemento "interés o provecho" exigido en el art. 3 de la Ley Nº 23.393 como condición de la punibilidad de las personas jurídicas, a partir de un análisis de los distintos modelos de responsabilidad penal en el derecho comparado y el análisis de la coherencia de dicha exigencia para el propio sistema. Se concluye que la función de dicho elemento en el sistema de imputación chileno es definir objetivamente, y desde una perspectiva objetiva ex ante, el ámbito de competencia de la persona jurídica sobre las conductas de terceros autorresponsables, de manera de limitar los deberes de dirección y control. Por su parte, la incorporación de los adverbios "directa e inmediatamente" debe ser entendida como un elemento cualificador del injusto merecido de pena.

In this paper we consider a semiparametric promotion time cure model and study the asymptotic properties of its nonparametric maximum likelihood estimator (NPMLE). First, by relying on a profile likelihood approach, we show that the NPMLE may be computed by a single maximization over a set whose dimension equals the dimension of the covariates plus one. Next, using Z-estimation theory for semiparametric models, we derive the asymptotics of both the parametric and nonparametric components of the model and show their efficiency. We also express the asymptotic variance of the estimator of the parametric component. Since the variance is difficult to estimate, we develop a weighted bootstrap procedure that allows for a consistent approximation of the asymptotic law of the estimators. As in the Cox model, it turns out that suitable tools are the martingale theory for counting processes and the infinite dimensional Z-estimation theory. Finally, by means of simulations, we show the accuracy of the bootstrap approximation.

The consumption of agricultural areas through urbanisation has been one of the challenges that have led the State to establish a sustainable spatial planning policy since the 2000s. This policy refines the legislative framework governing the management of agricultural buildings, in particular revising the right of farmers to build their dwellings in agricultural areas. While national priorities are aimed at protecting agricultural areas, their implementation by local and regional authorities, within the framework of territorial governance, gives rise to varying interpretations of the law and incorporates new challenges. Local policies are leading to a variety of innovative forms of farm management, such as the 'agricultural hoals' developed in Hérault. The implementation of the principles of sustainable development thus raises unprecedented problems in the spatial and social management of agricultural buildings. ; La consommation des espaces agricoles par l'urbanisation est l'un des enjeux qui ont conduit l'État à instaurer une politique d'aménagement territorial durable depuis les années 2000. Cette politique remanie le cadre législatif qui préside à la gestion du bâti agricole, révisant notamment le droit pour les agriculteurs de construire leurs logements en zone agricole. Alors que les priorités nationales visent la protection des espaces agricoles, leur mise en oeuvre par les collectivités, dans le cadre de la gouvernance territoriale, engendre des interprétations variées de la loi et intègre de nouveaux enjeux. Les politiques locales donnent le jour à des formes diverses et innovantes de gestion du bâti agricole, telles les "hameaux agricoles" développés dans l'Hérault. La mise en oeuvre des principes d'aménagement durable soulève ainsi des problématiques inédites de gestion spatiale et sociale du bâti agricole.

this article questions the respective place that historians of administrative law (section 03 of the National Council of Universities) and contemporary administrators (section 02) attach to the analysis of positive law in France. He noted that public authorities were more interested in doctrine than legal historians, as the latter took a more positivist approach. ; This article examines the importance French historians of administrative law and contemporary administrativists give to the analysis of positive law. He notes that administrativists are more interested in the doctrine than law historians, whose approach is a more positivist one. ; this article questions the respective place that historians of administrative law (section 03 of the National Council of Universities) and contemporary administrators (section 02) attach to the analysis of positive law in France. He noted that public authorities were more interested in doctrine than legal historians, as the latter took a more positivist approach. ; Cet article s'interroge sur la place respective que les historiens du droit administratif (section 03 du Conseil national des universités) et les administrativistes contemporains (section 02) accordent en France à l'analyse du droit positif. Il note que les administrativistes s'intéressent davantage à la doctrine que les historiens du droit, ces derniers adoptant une démarche davantage positiviste.

This article examines legal aspects of Marriage law in the Sultanate of Malaka in the 15th and 16th centuries. It focuses on some legal aspects of Undang-undang Melaka (a text of laws of Melaka) represented by Liaw Yock Fang, regarding the issues of marriage such as wali (marriage guardian), ijāb-qabūl (consent of both parties), witness(es), talāq (repudiation), faskh (broken marriage contract), interfaith marriage and marrying slave. This study aims to know the source of the marriage laws of Undang-Undang Melaka (UUM). It shows that UUM was a collection of common law in Melaka and consisted of Islamic law. One aspect of Islamic laws was marriage law. In UUM, the legal aspect was based on fiqh of several schools (madhhab), particularly the al-Shāfi'ī school derived from al-Iqnā' written by al-Sharbini. This finding also refuses the previous research finding stating that it was derived from al-Taqrīb by Abū Shujā'.

National hearing Studies of judicial and religious mobilisations around gay marriage in the United States. ; National audience Etudes des mobilisations judiciaires et religieuses autour du mariage gay aux Etats-Unis.

Artificial development and family law ; International audience ; Artificial development and family law ; Procreacion artificial y derecho de familia

This chapter outlines some basic approaches to identifying frameworks of comparative research. It first argues that establishing comparative frameworks is a task ubiquitous to legal methodology. The framework is the decisive factor identifying the comparators and allowing assessment of similarities and differences. The framework allows identification of what to compare, how many commonalities the comparators have to start with, and how 'foreign' the two elements subject to comparison may be, so as to facilitate meaningful comparison. The chapter thus shows how comparative frameworks are flexible in serving the objectives defined by comparative scholars. This fluid feature of the framework of comparison and the relatively ubiquitous nature of the comparative method is the backdrop to the discussions in this chapter, critically reviewing three major frameworks identified by the objectives of the comparative approach: law as 'category', as 'source', and as 'variable'.

Analysis of the institute of the objective enforceability of the claim in Argentinian procedural law. Their justification on the basis of procedural principles. Faculty of Legal and Social Sciences ; Análisis del instituto de la improponibilidad objetiva de la demanda en el derecho procesal argentino. Su justificación a partir de los principios procesales. Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales

The law of OHADA has undergone and is undergoing changes both in substance and in its methodology. Starting from a law in which genuine uniformity was sought because of the public policy nature of uniform acts, it is moving towards arrangements which are more akin to the technique of harmonisation, which is known to be based in Europe on secondary legislation (regulations and directives which leave Member States a relative margin of manoeuvre). However, as regards the substance, it seems to me to be a very partial view of what economic law is still poorly differentiated from business law. ; International audience ; The law of OHADA has undergone and is undergoing changes both in substance and in its methodology. Starting from a law in which genuine uniformity was sought because of the public policy nature of uniform acts, it is moving towards arrangements which are more akin to the technique of harmonisation, which is known to be based in Europe on secondary legislation (regulations and directives which leave Member States a relative margin of manoeuvre). However, as regards the substance, it seems to me to be a very partial view of what economic law is still poorly differentiated from business law. ; Le droit de l'OHADA a connu et connaît des évolutions tant de fond que dans sa méthodologie. Parti d'un droit où était recherchée une véritable uniformisation du fait du caractère d'ordre public des actes uniformes, il évolue vers des modalités qui se rapprochent plutôt de la technique de l'harmonisation dont on sait qu'elle repose en Europe sur le droit dérivé (règlements et directives qui laissent une relative marge de manœuvre aux Etats). Sur le fond cependant, il nous semble relever d'une vision très partielle de ce que serait le droit économique encore mal différencié du droit des affaires.

In the event of unpaid payments by Eurotunnel, it was provided in the loan agreements that the banks could take control of the project and exploit it for their benefit until full repayment. They were then supposed to transfer the work back to the company. Academic writers have repeatedly emphasised the difficulties involved in classifying such a mechanism in French law as a matter of law. This contribution proposes to combine private and public law in order to see it as a trust for a concession contract. ; International audience ; In the event of unpaid payments by Eurotunnel, it was provided in the loan agreements that the banks could take control of the project and exploit it for their benefit until full repayment. They were then supposed to transfer the work back to the company. Academic writers have repeatedly emphasised the difficulties involved in classifying such a mechanism in French law as a matter of law. This contribution proposes to combine private and public law in order to see it as a trust for a concession contract. ; En cas d'impayés de la société Eurotunnel, il était prévu dans les contrats de prêt que les banques pouvaient prendre le contrôle de l'ouvrage et l'exploiter à leur profit jusqu'à complet remboursement. Elles étaient alors supposées rétrocéder l'ouvrage à la société. La doctrine a souligné plusieurs fois les difficultés que présente l'opération de qualification juridique d'un tel mécanisme en droit français. La présente contribution propose d'allier droit privé et droit public pour y voir une fiducie ayant pour objet un contrat de concession.

International audience In order to evaluate the role and importance of sex difference in medieval theology and canon law, this article concentrates on two cases: the hermaphrodite's access to the sacraments of baptism, marriage and ordination, and the creation of the first woman. The author shows that, compared to other intellectual frameworks (Roman law, medieval muslim law), medieval theology, but especially canon law was relatively egalitarian. ; Etude du rôle et de l'importance de la différence sexuelle dans le droit canon et la théologie, à travers deux cas: l'accès de l'hermaphrodite aux sacrements (baptême, mariage, ordination) et la création de la première femme. L'auteur montre que, comparés à d'autres discours (droit romain, droit médiéval musulman), la théologie et surtout le droit canon défendent des positions relativement égalitaires.

Study Days on "Harmonisation of business law in Africa by OHADA: A way to attract foreign investment in Africa", Colloquium organised by the Faculty of Law and Economy of La Réunion, 8 December 2009 ; International audience ; Study Days on "Harmonisation of business law in Africa by OHADA: A way to attract foreign investment in Africa", Colloquium organised by the Faculty of Law and Economy of La Réunion, 8 December 2009 ; Actes des journées d'étude sur le thème « L'harmonisation du droit des affaires en Afrique par l'OHADA : Un moyen pour l'attraction des investissements étrangers en Afrique », Colloque organisé par la Faculté de Droit et d'Economie de La Réunion, le 8 décembre 2009

On 12 March 1993, the U.C.L. departments of public law and economic and social law and the ICHEC School of Tax Sciences organised the day of studies in Louvain-la-Neuve whose work has just been published. Scientific coordination is carried out by B. Dhaeyer, lecturer at ICHEC and teaching officer at the U.C.L., under the direction of professors R. Andersen and J. Malherbe, then presidents of the two organising departments. /The aim of the book is, according to its title, to analyse the methods of 'protecting the fundamental rights of the taxpayer'. In fact, four themes are favoured: equality in tax matters; coordination of legislation in this area; the development and application of the principle of good administration, mainly in relation to ministerial circulars and advance tax agreements (ruling technique); finally, the limits on the possible retroactivity of provisions of tax law. ; Le 12 mars 1993, les départements de droit public et de droit économique et social de l'U.C.L. ainsi que l'École supérieure des sciences fiscales de l'ICHEC organisaient à Louvain-la-Neuve la journée d'études dont les travaux viennent de donner lieu à la publication de l'ouvrage sous revue. La coordination scientifique en est assurée par B. Dhaeyer, chargé de cours à l'ICHEC et chargé d'enseignement à l'U.C.L., sous la direction des professeurs R. Andersen et J. Malherbe, alors présidents des deux départements organisateurs. / L'ambition de l'ouvrage est, selon son intitulé, d'analyser les modes de « protection des droits fondamentaux du contribuable ». En réalité, quatre thèmes sont privilégiés : l'égalité en matière fiscale ; la coordination des textes législatifs en ce domaine; l'élaboration et l'application du principe de bonne administration, principalement à propos des circulaires ministérielles et des accords fiscaux préalables (technique du « ruling ») ; enfin les limites de la rétroactivité éventuelle des dispositions de droit fiscal.