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Анализируется американская пресса (1918-1920 гг.) как источник для изучения взаимоотношений правительства адмирала Колчака и населения Сибири. Отмечается высокая информированность иностранной прессы и ее заинтересованность в событиях 1918-1920-х гг. в Сибири. Делается попытка проанализировать ценность иностранных газет как источника для изучения общественно-политической ситуации в период Гражданской войны на востоке России. ; The publication analyzes the U.S. press (1918-1920) as a source for studying of the relations between the government of Admiral Kolchak and Siberian population. It is shown a high awareness of the foreign press and its interest in the Russian events. It is made an attempt to analyze the value of foreign newspapers as a source for the studying social and political situation in Russia during the Civil War.

Статья посвящена рассмотрению комплекса причин массового дезертирства в Красной Армии в годы гражданской войны, ставшего серьезной военной и социальной проблемой. Несмотря на все усилия властей, борьба с этим явлением, бывшая во многом попыткой искоренить его истоки, обернулась лишь сдерживанием дезертирства. ; The article is devoted to research the complex of causes of rather serious military and social problem mass desertion in the Red Army during the Civil War. Despite all efforts of authorities, struggle against this phenomenon which was mainly an attempt to eradicate its sources, became restraint of desertion only.

Дается анализ эволюции программных позиций кадетской партии в Сибири по аграрному вопросу в период революции и Гражданской войны и попыток их практической реализации. На материалах съездов и конференций партии, кадетской периодической печати и архивных документах раскрываются компромиссное содержание аграрной политики кадетов в обозреваемый период, ее мотивы, влияние на курс правительства А. В. Колчака и причины конечной неудачи. ; The article is devoted to the analysis of the Siberian Constructional Democrats program positions evolution on the agrarian issue during the revolution and Civil War and the attempts of their practical achievements. Compromise content of the agrarian policy of the Constructional Democrats in the reviewed period, its motives, influence on the policy of A. V. Kolchak government and the reasons for the final failure was revealed on the materials of the Constructional Democrats party congresses and conferences, the Constructional Democrats periodical press and the archival documents.

Рассматривается процесс внедрения светских принципов в систему образования. На Дальнем Востоке в период Гражданской войны вопросы взаимоотношения церкви и системы образования являлись ключевыми в политике большевиков и буржуазных правительств. Первые стремились реализовать декларированный Советской властью принцип отделения церкви от государства, вторые возродить в области религии законы Российской империи. ; The article is devoted to the process of introduction of the secular principles into the educational system. During the Civil War the interaction between the Church and the educational system was considered as the key issue in the Bolshevicks' and bourgeois governments' policies. The former strived to realize the disestablishment principle proclaimed by the Soviet government, the latter tried to revive the Russian Empire's laws in religion.

Статья посвящена исследованию общественно-политических позиций сибирской либеральной и небольшевистской социалистической прессы в период диктатуры адмирала А.В. Колчака, их взаимоотношений с режимом и основных разногласий. На материалах либеральной периодической печати раскрываются различные аспекты ее роли в формировании идеологической и пропагандистской системы колчаковской власти ; The periodical press of Siberia 1918-1919 is one of the sources, which reflect the attitude of different political parties and groups to the regime and policy of A.V. Kolchak. At the same time the attitude of the government of A.V. Kolchak to the press organs of different orientation and their place reflected the position of the White (Guard) dictatorship concerning the parties and groups. In contrast to the Soviet power, the government of A.V. Kolchak permitted independence of the press, but only in the confined frames. These frames were determined legally and politically. Bolshevik newspapers were forbidden, as well as the organs of the left-wing socialistic parties, which confronted the regime (the majority of socialist-revolutionaries andthe Mensheviks), and explicitly monarchic publications. Political spectrum of legal periodicals was represented by two main trends: liberals led by the Constitutional Democrats, who were the principal political support, and moderate socialists (eneses, a part of cooperators, most right-winged groups of socialist-revolutionaries and the Mensheviks), who were in opposition concerning several issues, but loyal to the regime, which, as they thought, was better in comparison with the Bolsheviks. A number of newspapers kept intermediate position reflecting the viewpoint of the moderate oblastniks. The criticism of the government was permitted only in certain frames. Some newspapers were closed because of the harsh and systematic attacks. In the atmosphere of stratocracy the criticism of the supreme ruler, the army command and the army was forbidden. The prohibition of the propaganda of the national remote areas self-determination was typical for the imperial ideology of the White. But discussions were permitted on a wide range of political and social issues. It is easily explained by taking into account the international public opinion and the government's interest in support of the friendly democratic nations of the Allies. Active support of the dictatorship regime, glorification of A.V. Kolchak and tendency to consolidation of the White movement were typical for liberal press. Socialist press often criticized the dictatorial style and methods of the government, isolation from wide social circles and narrowness of social support and wanted to convene the Constituent Assembly as soon as possible. In time of war liberals and socialists united in popularization of the Army of A.V. Kolchak. They also united when struggling against corruption. Liberal newspapers actively supported the government on the national issue. They also supported its position on the main points of 240 social-economic program. On the contrary, socialist press criticized the government for moderation and lack of distinctness of laws and actions on the agrarian issue, asked for more active government's interfering into the economy. At that time its liberal opponents defended classical market principles. Liberal press played an active role in the development and propaganda of the White Movement ideology. Its position changed to the harsh criticism of the regime and demand of its democratization in the environment of A.V. Kolchak army collapse after the surrender of Omsk in November 1919, when it was too late. Comparison of the materials of Siberian periodical press of the times of A.V. Kolchak with other documents allows to disprove the stereotype underestimation of Kolchak as a politician, to trace the pragmatical approach to special problems and public positions of different social layers and political groups, whose interests were reflected in press, their evolution and mutual relations with the regime of military dictatorship, the position and role of the press under the power of Kolchak, to compare them with the position of press under the Soviet power. Under all the restraints the press liberty was wider under the power of Kolchak than in Soviet Russia where the building of the totalitarian system began

Исследуется политическое поведение жителей Тюмени в условиях перехода власти от белых к большевикам 8 августа 1919 года. ; The article analyses the political behavior of Tyumen inhabitants under conditions of the conversion of power from the White movement to the Bolsheviks on 8 August

Рассматриваются основные особенности организации управления трудовыми армиями и частями Советской республики в годы Гражданской войны. Показано, что руководство трудовыми соединениями за все время их существования так и не приняло стабильных, упорядоченных форм, которые позволили бы наладить эффективное использование рабочей силы военнослужащих. ; The article examines the problems of managing the labour army units of the Soviet Republic during the Civil War. It also shows that the administrative structure of the labour units was not properly organized or stable enough to allow the effective utilization of the labour force of the military

Рассматривается образ иностранных союзников антибольшевистского движения на примере Североамериканских Соединённых Штатов, Франции и Японии на страницах официального органа печати Временного Всероссийского правительства (Директории), реконструируется отношение к военному присутствию иностранных сил на территории России. Акцентируется внимание на неустойчивом положении Директории в Омске, её попытках показать себя как авторитетное правительство в глазах иностранных союзников антибольшевистского движения для дальнейшего противостояния с правым флангом контрреволюции в Омске. ; On September 23, 1918 in Ufa, the All-Russian Provisional Government (Directory) was formed. However, representatives of the right wing of the counterrevolution were negative about such Government. On the territory free from the Bolsheviks the situation began to be undesirable for these parties inexorably moving towards the right flank of the counterrevolution. The struggle between the left and right flanks of the anti-Bolshevik movement within the white Siberia significantly weakened it. Potential allies from abroad wanted to see in Russia the strong recognized power, which they could assist in the fight against the Bolsheviks. From the very beginning of the reign, the power of the Directory was in an extremely unstable position. Officers circles treated it warily, remembering conciliatory opposition to the Provisional Government. In addition, the Directory itself keenly felt its weakness, inability to create a strong Government. After moving to Omsk, on October 9, 1918, Directory was trying to consolidate its power. So, on November 2, 1918 approved all the regional governments and to all citizens of Russia concerning the liquidation of the regional governments and the creation of the All-Russian Council of Ministers. From this moment on, in complex and contradictory conditions began a short reign of Directory in Omsk, which lasted until the military coup on November 18, 1918. Since the Russian Provisional Government felt its weakness, it was in need of foreign support. Therefore, in the newspaper "Bulletin of the All-Russian Provisional Government" were placed the materials on the activities of foreign allies of anti-Bolshevik movement. Allies were characterized exclusively positive, it was constantly emphasized that they were interested in the existence of the Russian Provisional Government. The newspaper often quoted statements of foreign politicians about their interest in the united Russia. Such Russia, according to the authors, could only be created by the Directory. The newspaper articles often began with statements about the unacceptability of ways unrelated to the All-Russian government. In the case of the disappearance of the Directory the Allies could refuse to support anti-Bolshevik forces, because they were accustomed to deal with organized political force. It was given to understand that the All-Russian Provisional Government was not a force to be trifled with, therefore one would have to deal with foreign powers. So, the foreign Allies of the anti-Bolshevik movement were presented as a friendly force not only for the White Russia, but for the Directory.

Актуальность и цели. Изучение такого социального явления, как пьянство среди городского населения, является важным условием полного анализа одной из важнейших сфер повседневной жизни городов девиантного поведения. Это позволяет увидеть региональную специфику городской повседневности в условиях Гражданской войны. Цель работы проанализировать уровень потребления спиртных напитков, причины роста пьянства и методы борьбы с ним. Материалы и методы. Реализация исследовательских задач была достигнута на основе использования документов, извлеченных из фондов Государственного архива Пензенской области. Особое место занимают газеты, которые дают широкую источниковую базу для исследования данной проблемы. Результаты. Рассмотрена степень изученности проблемы. Подвергнуты исследованию причины пьянства, пути распространения спиртных напитков. Показаны методы борьбы с пьянством и причины их неэффективности. Также исследованы последствия высокого уровня потребления спиртных напитков, такие как рост самогоноварения и преступности. Выводы. Изучение данной проблемы позволяет увидеть, что пьянство оставалось серьезной проблемой для власти и избранные методы борьбы не были эффективными в условиях Гражданской войны и политики «военного коммунизма». ; Background. The study of such social phenomena as drunkenness among the urban population, is an important condition of complete analysis of one of the most important spheres of everyday life in the cities the deviant behavior. This allows to see the regional specifics of everyday life during the civil war. The purpose of the article is to analyze the level of alcohol consumption, alcoholism growth causes and methods of curbing it. Materials and methods. Implementation of the research tasks was achieved through the use of the documents derived from the State Archives of the Penza region. A special place is occupied by the newspapers, which provide a broad source base for exploring this problem. Results. The author examined the degree of scrutiny of the problem and researched the causes of alcoholism, channels of spirits' distribution. The article describes the methods of curbing drunkenness and the reasons for their ineffectiveness. The researcher also investigated the effects of high levels of consumption of alcoholic beverages, such as rising crime and moonshining. Conclusions. Study of this problem reveals that drunkenness remained a serious problem for the government and the selected control methods were not effective during the civil war and the policy of «war communism».

Статья посвящена альтернативам силового решения повстанческого движения в России в 1920-1922 годах. Выявлены особенности переговоров Советской власти и оппозиции в регионе, проанализированы нормативные документы, созданные в результате политического компромисса. ; The article is devoted to alternatives of the solution by force of insurrectionary movement in Russia in 1920-1922. The author introduces peculiarities of negotiations between the power and the opposition in the region, analyses normative acts produced as a result of political compromise.

В статье рассматриваются вопросы пропагандисткой деятельности в годы Гражданской войны в России, объектом и субъектом которой выступал Чехословацкий корпус. Революционные события октября 1917 года, захват власти большевиками и начало становления советской системы, выход России из Первой мировой войны кардинально изменили ситуацию в стране. Хорошо вооруженный и обученный, Чехословацкий военный корпус представлял серьезную опасность для большевиков. Все это определяло специфику агитационно-пропагандисткой деятельности большевиков и чехов. ; The paper examines the work of propaganda during the Civil War in Russia that was directed at and generated from the Czechoslovak Corps. The revolutionary events of October 1917, the Bolshevik seizure of power, the emergence of the Soviet system and Russia's withdrawal from World War I dramatically changed the situation in the country. The authors state that the well-armed and trained Czechoslovak military corps posed a serious threat to the Bolsheviks. Those factors determined the special features of propaganda of the Bolsheviks and the Czechs.

Рассматривается система органов местного самоуправления в Пермской губернии в период установления власти А. В. Колчака. Городские думы и земства, восстановленные адмиралом, были единственными легитимными органами власти во время гражданской войны. Несмотря на утрату значительной части прав, предоставленных Временным правительством, под контролем органов местного самоуправления оставалась хозяйственная жизнь региона, а также медицина, образование и культура. Более того, думы и земства участвовали в решении одного из самых важных вопросов – аграрного. ; The article deals with the system of local government in Perm province during the period of Kolchak's rule. The town council and the Zemstvo, which were restored by the Admiral, were the only legitimate authorities during the Civil War. Despite the fact that they lost many rights received from the Provisional Government, the economic life of the region, as well as medicine, education and culture remained under the control of local government. Moreover, the Duma and the Zemstvo were involved in the agrarian question's solving, which was one of the most important ones at that time.

Рассматривается деятельность Отдела осведомления Донского правительства во время Гражданской войны в России. Представлена подробная структура организации, главные направления работы, причины закрытия. Особое внимание уделяется политической обстановке в России 1919 г. и высокому значению роли агитации в период разрушения старых государственных основ. ; This article is devoted to the Department of Awareness of the Don Government and its activities during the Russian Civil War. The author describes in detail the structure of the organization, it principal activities, and the reasons behind its closure. The author pays special attention to the political situation in Russia in 1919 and the importance of agitation during the disintegration of the old foundations of the state.

В статье анализируется политическая ситуация, сложившаяся в Вятской губернии в конце весны -летом 1918 г. Выявлены специфические для региона формы реализации взятого большевистским руководством страны курса на централизацию государственного управления. ; The political situation in Vyatka province in the end of spring and in the summer of 1918 is analysed in this article. The specific forms of realization of the Bolshevik policy of government centralization are revealed.

На примере правительств Белого Востока рассматривается такое ключевое для периода Гражданской войны направление деятельности государственной власти, как осведомительная работа, сочетавшая в себе элементы политического контроля и пропаганды. В обобщенном виде представлены наиболее существенные стороны истории становления и развития осведомительного аппарата антибольшевистских правительств на территории Сибири: этапы организационно-структурной эволюции, основные функции и направления работы. ; During the Civil war both the whites and the reds had an equally difficult task: they had not only to convince the overwhelming part of the Russian population of the appeal of their program, of the benefits of the proposed model of country's development, but to also have considerable sacrifices for the sake of its implementation. There was a need in new political technologies, allowing not simply to reproduce the dominant ideological beliefs on a mass scale, but also to have an influence on people stronger than before, changing their political attitudes. Both Bolsheviks and their opponents made a wide use of "informative work". In Siberia this political practice included three main components: transfer of the various channels of information, which the state authorities were interested in, tracking of the political moods of the population, curbing the spread of undesirable information for the regime. In the limits of the political system of white Siberia there was formed their own informative machine, which was understood as the sum total of information, propaganda, cultural-educational and censorship institutions and agencies, both civil and military, the activity of which was directed toward information and communications, conducted by the Omsk government's political course, the ideological mobilization of the population in the East of Russia with the aim of achieving victory over the Bolsheviks. The beginning of the formation of political propaganda in the territory of Siberia dates back to June 1918 (information office of the Administrative department and the information office at the Administration of the Affairs of the West-Siberian Commissariat). In the development of the government apparatus for informative and political propaganda one can trace several periods: the origin (June October 1918), the formation (November 1918 February 1919), the greatest activity (March October 1919), termination of the activity (November 1919 July 1920). The main task that was to be solved by the propaganda agencies of the White East, was the formation and consolidation of the "imagined community", understood as "the Russian national community", its objectives being the struggle with Bolshevism. As a special subsystem in the state mechanism the apparatus of government informative work and political propaganda carried out the following functions: generation of new interpretations of the political and historical realities, construction of new collective identities of the ideological mobilization of the population to fight against opponents of the regime. However, due to some reasons the degree of effectiveness of government bodies for informative work and propaganda was low. They failed to win any dominant position in the information space. Various rumors, Zemstvo co-operative printing, the Bolshevik and SR propaganda were the channels of spreading of alternative information, which enjoyed great trust with the population of the region. In addition, on a day to day basis there were revealed vulnerabilities of the Kolchak regime, the flaws in the work of the managerial staff: imperfection and a low efficiency of the civil administration and judicial institutions on the ground, lack of coordination in actions, lawlessness and arbitrariness of the agents of power. Government's inability to cope with the growing speculation and corruption served as a good indicator of its helplessness and inefficiency. As a result the propaganda being not backed up by the real actions was losing trust with the population, and the Omsk political regime was losing its attractiveness and support.