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Liberals have long regarded the First Amendment's freedom of the press guarantee as their special plaything.' For most of this century, liberals have dominated the scholarship and the doctrinal debate on the freedom of the press. They have often urged the federal courts to establish the press as "a fourth institution outside the Government as an additional check on the three official branches." Liberal judges have ensured virtual autonomy for the print media through the cumulative effect of their rulings to immunize the press from damages for the publication of falsehoods about public figures unless the publication was done knowingly, recklessly, or with actual malice; to bar public access to newspapers; and to treat prior restraints of publications as presumptively unconstitutional. At the same time, the courts have not barred liberal lawmakers from regulating broadcasters to promote fairness and to prevent chaos in public debate on the airwaves. The liberal approach to the freedom of the press, however, seemingly stands on the brink of dismantlement. The present Supreme Court has "an activist outlook of'the most virulent and blinding sort" under which the dominating conservative Justices "selective[ly] enforce[] . .rights generally supporting state power and eroding libertarian values."' Indeed, no one currently on the Court is a staunch defender of an autonomous press, and the Court has already made some minor changes to, or at least refused to extend, the freedom of the press doctrine. Meanwhile, polls indicate that the popularity of the press is plummeting, and liberals have taken a beating from the left and the right' that has cost them considerable political and judicial power. Sensing that, for the time being, liberals may still dominate the playing field of the First Amendment, three liberal law professors- Dean Lee Bollinger of the University of Michigan Law School, Professor Lucas Powe of the University of Texas Law School, and Professor Rodney Smolla of the Marshall-Wythe School of Law at the College ...

This is a piece of comparative history, not an exercise in folkloric whimsy. It does not attempt to probe the secrets oflo mexicano, la mexicanidad, or any of the other quasi-metaphysical concepts which litter the field of Mexican cultural history.1Nor does it pay too much attention to those more positivistic analyses which try to encapsulate Mexican (political) culture in terms of statistical comparisons.2Rather, it offers some comparative generalisations about Mexican history in the national period, stressing both broad patterns of socio-economic development and specific politico-cultural factors. Thus – for better or worse – its model is Barrington Moore rather than, say, Octavio Paz or Gabriel Almond. It also draws inspiration – and borrows its title – from the work of E. P. Thompson, which in turn has been developed by Eley and Blackbourn in the German context, Corrigan and Sayer in the English.3Its purpose is to offer some explanations of the distinctiveness (as well as the commonality) of Mexico's history, compared to the history of Latin America, in the national period.4Let us begin at the end. In the last fifty years, Mexico has experienced relatively rapid economic growth coupled with relative political and social stability.5The achievements of the 'stabilised development' of the 1950s and 1960s are well known: a solid regime, rapid growth rates, low inflation, rising per capita income.6And, while the 1980s were a decade of relative stagnation, Mexico's relative position within Latin America has not deteriorated.7Furthermore, the prospects for future development – of a capitalist kind, with all that that entails – look better now than they did in the late 1980s; all the more if the Free Trade Agreement with the U.S.A. is concluded, as now seems probable.

THE AUTHOR OFFERS SOME GENERALIZATIONS ABOUT MEXICAN HISTORY IN THE NATIONAL PERIOD, STRESSING BOTH BROAD PATTERNS OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND SPECIFIC POLITICO-CULTURAL FACTORS. HIS PURPOSE IS TO EXPLAIN THE DISTINCTIVENESS, AS WELL AS THE COMMONALITY, OF MEXICO'S HISTORY COMPARED TO THE HISTORY OF LATIN AMERICA, IN GENERAL, DURING THE NATIONAL PERIOD.

Printed document, 3pp, Folio. ; This document is an English translation of the "Ciudadanos de las provincias unidas del Centro de America." Translated by Cecilia Bonnor. The language of the original document is Spanish.

La escritura estuvo pensada como apoyo a la comunicación oral y no puede dejarse a ella sola cargar con toda la complejidad de la sociedad moderna. El medio por el cual la escritura encauza la complejidad es, a través de la imprenta. Su uso permitió la multiplicación de los acervos materiales, de tal forma que los efectos ya no eran visibles en la llana lectura, sino en otros escritos derivados de los anteriores. En el presente texto se desea analizar la forma en que la imprenta permitió la aparición de la Opinión Pública contrapuesta a la verdad absoluta del monarca y de la Iglesia. Con ello, se pretende observar cómo se vuelve visible la modernidad en el México independiente a través de la relación entre imprenta y Opinión Pública. Esta última tendrá como principal función permitir una mayor complejidad y diferenciación de los sistemas sociales, particularmente el de la política. Igualmente, los medios impresos accedieron a amplificar la comunicación más allá de los límites de la costumbre, la oralidad y la co-presencia de los participantes ; Writing was thought as means of support for oral communication, and cannot be left alone with all the complexity of modern society. The means throughout writing leads such complexity is via printing. Its use allowed the multiplication of printed collections, in such way that the effects were not visible any more but in other writings derived from previous ones. In this text it is desirable to analyze the way the printing–house allowed the appearance of Public Opinion, in opposition to the absolute truth of the monarch and the Church. Through this fact we aspire to observe how modernity becomes visible in the independent Mexico, through the relationship between printed materials and Public Opinion. The latter will have, as major function, allowing a larger complexity and differentiation of social systems, particularly that of politics. Likewise, the printed means had access to amplify communication beyond limits of customs, oral communication, and participants' co–presence.

'A free press is not a luxury. A free press is at the absolute core of equitable development' according to World Bank President James Wolfensohn. A free press is also the key to transparency and good governance and is an indispensable feature of a democracy. So how does Asia rate? In Losing Control, leading journalists analyse the state of play in all the countries of North Asia and Southeast Asia. From the herd journalism of Japan to the Stalinist system of North Korea, Losing Control provides an inside look at journalism and freedom of the press in each country. One conclusion - a combination of new technology and greater democracy is breaking the shackles that once constrained the press in Asia. 'Brings together Asia's best and brightest observers of the press.'
Hamish McDonald, Foreign Editor, The Sydney Morning Herald

' A rare insiders' view exposing the real dynamics behind social and political change in Asia.'
Evan Williams, Foreign Correspondent, ABC TV

'A timely and necessary contribution to the debate over the quality of freedom in Asia.'
Geoffrey Barker, The Australian Financial Review

On 11 June 2004 a discussion on the development of the mass media, freedom of speech, & freedom of the press in Russia took place in the editorial offices of Svobodnaia mysl' -XXI. The discussion was triggered by Vitalii Tret'iakov's "Leap to the Realm of Freedom," published in the fourth number of the journal [for 2004]. The article is part of a textbook based on a course that the author has already taught at the Journalism School of the Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO) for several years. In addition to VT Tret 'iakov himself the following people took part in the discussion: the editor in chief of Svobodnaia mysi' -XXI, V.L. Inozemtsev; the head of the Politics Department at Novaia gazeta, O.G Dzhemal'; the head research fellow at the Institute for Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, A. V Kiva; the writer & sociopolitical commentator A.S. Salutskii; & the head research fellow of the Institute for European Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, D.E. Furman. Here we offer our readers a transcript of the discussion. Adapted from the source document.

Basic aim of this study is to evaluate the freedom of press in Iraqi Kurdistan region and how journalists think about freedom of press in this region, also the concept of 'freedom of the press' by conducting a survey and also by examining international and regional human rights documents ranging from the United Nations documents, the most democratic countries to less or undemocratic countries constitutions. The study starts reviewing normative press theories related to the concept of press freedom. It basically focuses on social responsibility theory of the press, which sees press freedom as a vital element of democracy. The theory argues that only free and responsible press can help citizens to make enlightened decisions. For the data gathering process, quantitative methodology is employed. A survey questionnaire was developed by the researcher to find out how journalists evaluated journalism in the Kurdistan region of Iraq. There were 34 questions in the survey' and 99 journalists who were working in the media outlets filled the questionnaire. They were chosen from different media outlets including government controlled media, political party controlled media, and independent media. The results show that the majority of journalists do not think that journalism in Kurdistan is free according to international standards. They also do not believe the constitutional guarantee for the press freedom. However, they think that journalism is an improving profession in this region. The study found out that there are gender and age differences on evaluating different aspects of journalism in Kurdistan region of Iraq. Keywords: Freedom of press, social responsibility theory, Iraqi Kurdistan Region. ; ÖZ: Bu tezin temel amacı, Irak Kürdistan Bölgesi'nde basın özgürlüğünü değerlendirmek ve bu bölgede çalışan gazetecilerin basın özgürlüğüne ve kendi ülkelerinde basının ne kadar özgür olduğuna ilişkin değerlendirmelerini öğrenmektir. Bu amaca yönelik olarak bir anket formu geliştirilmiş ve ayrıca uluslararası belgelerle farklı ülkelerin Anayasaları incelenmiştir. Tezin teorik çerçevesini normatif medya kuramları oluşturmaktadır. Bu çerçevede, normatif medya kuramları ve özellikle de toplumsal sorumluluk kuramı irdelenmiştir. Toplumsal sorumluluk kuramı, özgür ve sorumlu medyayı, demokrasinin vazgeçilmezi olarak görmektedir. Kurama göre, sadece özgür ve sorumlu bir medya yurttaşların aydınlanmış kararlar verebilmelerine yardımcı olur. Araştırmada, nicel araştırma metodolojisi kullanılmış, veri toplamada ankete başvurulmuştur. Araştırmacı tarafından, benzer örneklerden yararlanarak geliştirilen ankette 34 soruya yer verilmiş ve bu anket farklı medya kuruluşlarında çalışan 99 gazeteci tarafından doldurulmuştur. Örnekleme dahil edilen gazetecilerden bir kısmı hükümet kontrolündeki medyada, bir kısmı siyasal partilerin kotrolündeki medyada ve bir kısmı da bağımsız medyada çalışmaktadırlar. Böylece, örneklemin evreni temsil yeteneği artırılmıştır. SPSS analizi yapılarak elde edilen sonuçlara göre, gazetecilerin çoğunluğunun Kürdistan bölgesindeki basının özgür olmadığını düşündüklerini ve uluslararası standartlara göre daha geri bir noktada olduklarını görüyoruz. Gazeteciler, basın özgürlüğüne sağlanan Anayasal güvenceye de inanmamaktadırlar. Öte yandan, gazeteciliğin giderek gelişen bir meslek olduğuna ilişkin yaygın bir kanaat oluştuğunu görüyoruz. Bağımsız değişkenler bağlamında cevaplara bakıldığında, cinsiyet ve yaş değişkenlerinin verilen cevapları etkilediği ortaya çıkıyor. Anahtar Sözcükler: Basın özgürlüğünü, toplumsal sorumluluk Kuramı, Irak Kürdistan Bölgesi ; Master of Arts in Communication and Media Studies. Thesis (M.A.)--Eastern Mediterranean University, Faculty of Communication, Dept. of Communication and Media Studies, 2014. Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Süleyman İrvan.