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School organizational climate is the visceral 'sense' of safety and belonging that people experience on site. This present study aimed at describing the effect of principals' transformational leadership and teachers' socioeconomic status on school organizational climate in the Elementary Schools of Boven Digoel Regency, Papua? Two problem statements guided the study as follows: (a) does principals' transformational leadership effect positively and significantly on school organizational climate in the elementary schools of Boven Digoel Regency, Papua? and (b) does teachers' socioeconomic status effect positively and significantly on school organizational climate in the elementary schools of Boven Digoel Regency, Papua? A purposive sampling was used to obtain 217 drawn from amongs 412 elementary schools' teachers of Boven Digoel Regency, Papua. Data were analysed quantitatively using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21. Findings of the study showed that: (a) principals' transformational leadership effects positively effect on school organizational climate in the elementary schools of Boven Digoel Regency, Papua; and (b) teachers' socioeconomic status effect positively and significantly on school organizational climate in the elementary schools of Boven Digoel Regency, Papua. These findings might be worthwhile for the Head of Education Office at regional government level to take an effort of improving both principals' transformational leadership and teachers' socioeconomic status in order that school organizational climate is condusive for all on site.

School organizational climate is the visceral 'sense' of safety and belonging that people experience on site. This present study aimed at describing the effect of principals' transformational leadership and teachers' socioeconomic status on school organizational climate in the Elementary Schools of Boven Digoel Regency, Papua? Two problem statements guided the study as follows: (a) does principals' transformational leadership effect positively and significantly on school organizational climate in the elementary schools of Boven Digoel Regency, Papua? and (b) does teachers' socioeconomic status effect positively and significantly on school organizational climate in the elementary schools of Boven Digoel Regency, Papua? A purposive sampling was used to obtain 217 drawn from amongs 412 elementary schools' teachers of Boven Digoel Regency, Papua. Data were analysed quantitatively using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21. Findings of the study showed that: (a) principals' transformational leadership effects positively effect on school organizational climate in the elementary schools of Boven Digoel Regency, Papua; and (b) teachers' socioeconomic status effect positively and significantly on school organizational climate in the elementary schools of Boven Digoel Regency, Papua. These findings might be worthwhile for the Head of Education Office at regional government level to take an effort of improving both principals' transformational leadership and teachers' socioeconomic status in order that school organizational climate is condusive for all on site. Article visualizations:

The prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) has increased 54.7% from 2000 to 2016 nationally (CDC, 2016), and comparably, 52.38% in the district where this program evaluation was conducted. This increase, paired with legislative requirements through the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act and recommendations from the National Research Council on educating students with ASD, has challenged school districts to develop programming targeting specific impairments characteristic of students with ASD. The purpose of this study was to evaluate programming through the evaluation of individualized education plans (IEPs) of students with ASD in kindergarten through third grade for the presence of Individuals with Disabilities Education Act requirements and National Research Council recommendations. Additionally, 13 special education teachers providing services to one or more students in the category of ASD completed a 30 item self-report questionnaire on their confidence in developing IEPs and programming for students with ASD. Sixty-three IEPs were evaluated in the study for IDEA and NRC indicator proficiency levels and cross-referenced with teacher confidence levels on developing IEPs and programming for students with ASD. The study concluded data analysis of IEPs and special education teacher confidence levels resulted in the identification of programming strengths and weakness that can be used by the district in this study to develop a structured plan for improvements in the development of IEPs specific to the identified areas of impairments for students with ASD (behavior, communication, socialization). Specific to the district in this study is a recommended focus on the development of IEP goals based on individual student needs and NRC recommendations for students with ASD, descriptions of student motivational systems when appropriate, specially designed instruction, educational placement and the relationship of teacher knowledge and confidence about ASD to IEP and program development. ; Ed. D.

This study was designed to investigate the phenomenon of resiliency among urban elementary school students in an at-risk environment. In contrast with previous studies narrowly focused upon the identification of risk factors, this study utilized a phenomenological qualitative approach to investigate indicators of resiliency from both individual and contextual perspectives. The narrative descriptions of 25 elementary school students in an at-risk environment were analyzed. The results indicated that the participants had strong individual and contextual resiliency indicators through the fifth grade despite being educated in a school district with almost a 60% drop-out rate before high school graduation.

Public support for market-based education reforms persists despite evidence that these reforms exacerbate the educational marginalization of Black and Brown students. Even among Democrats and ostensibly equity-minded policy actors, support for reforms like charter schools is widespread. How do people come to support racially stratifying policies despite their supposed commitment to ethic of social justice? The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the theories of unconscious racism (Lawrence, 1995a) and moral disengagement (Bandura, 1999) in the state takeover of a majority Black school district by a majority white state government. Methods included a critical race analysis of Doe v. Arkansas Department of Education (2016) and a critical discourse study of the state takeover speech of elite white policy actors. Findings included two parallel appeals: to the legal precedent on which Lawrence based the theory of unconscious racism, from the court in Doe v. DOE; and to the mechanisms of moral disengagement, from white policy actors justifying the takeover. It is therefore plausible that public support for racist education policies is a result of morally disengaging policy rhetoric, and that these policies are protected by strict legal obstacles to discrimination claims. Recommendations include increased political involvement on the part of school leaders, including principals; further critical policy studies of pre-adoption policy discourse and policy outcomes; and deeper interdisciplinary investigation of the moral disengagement of individual policy actors and citizens in an education policy arena.

Purpose. The purposes of this study were to assess the effect of restricting school choice on changes in travel distance to school and transportation mode for elementary school students. Design. Study design was pre-post (spring 2010–fall 2010) quasi-experimental. Setting. Study setting was all public elementary schools in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Subjects. Subjects comprised approximately 20,500 students across 39 schools. Intervention. Study assessed a school choice policy change that restricted school choice to a school closer to the family's home. Measures. School district transportation data were used to determine distance to school. Direct observations of student travel modes (two morning and two afternoon commutes at each time point) were used to assess transportation mode. Analysis. Chi-square and independent-sample t-tests were calculated to describe the schools. Repeated measures general linear models were used to assess changes in travel distance to school and observed commuting behavior. Results. Distance to school significantly decreased (1.83 ± .48 miles to 1.74 ± .46 miles; p = .002). We failed to observe any significant changes in morning (+.7%) or afternoon (–.7%) active commuting (both p = .08) or the number of automobiles in the morning (–7 autos per school; p = .06) or afternoon (+3 autos per school; p = .14). Conclusion. The more restrictive school choice policy decreased distance to school but had no significant effect on active commuting. Policy interventions designed to increase active commuting to school may require additional time to gain traction and programmatic support to induce changes in behavior.

Background Problems, Sanggau District is an area located on the border of Indonesia and Malasyia. The regions are troubled by basic infrastructure constraints, such as in the education field. The blurred portrait of education is nothing new, nor is it in Sanggau District of WestKalimantan, an immediate border with Malaysia. There are about 30% illiteracy and 5-10% drop out (Sanggau Education Office: Hamid, 2015). School facilities and infrastructure are very limited. There are students who have never seen a computer, but followed the lesson of Information and Communication Technology (Survey Report of Budget ManagementEffectiveness BNPP 2016). Similarly, the number of classrooms is very minimal and not feasible, the room sealer using plastic tents. Various educational issues in thearea can not be separated from the poor management of national and local education services system providedby the Central and Regional Governments. The overlapping of policies between the central and regional governments is the evidence of the ineffectiveness of institutional relations between the central government and regional government. Problem Outline: 1). What is the Effectiveness of Institutional Relations between Central and Regional Government in the education service of elementaryschool in Sanggau District? 2). What are the driving factors and obstacles. Specific Targets:Recommendations of policy for institutional relations between central and regionalgovernments in education services.The theory of analysis used isInstitutional, Central and Regional Relations and Education Services Theory. Research Methods: Descriptive. Qualitative approach. Data collection techniques: Observation, Interview and Documentation. Determination of Informants Technique: Purposive and Accidental. Data Analysis uses Macc Nabb, Data Validity Test uses Triangulation. Results :The minister of Education and culture affair in giving elementaryeducation services have make coordination with either center government and region government such as with BNPP, BAPPENAS, The minister of general working, BPS, BAPPEDA, and healthy institution, butstill in unefectively caused by not based on MOU in their colaboration. Even in regional government still not in intensively. So the problem and need of society on elementary education not available well.Keywords: Effectiveness, Central Government, Regional Government, Service,Education, Elementary School

An exploratory study finds that parents who meet frequently with teachers about their child's school are not also likely to report they attend evening school or parenting programs. The research is based upon a take-home survey administered to parents of elementary school children in an inner-city type school district that is close to a major metropolitan area but separated from it by a major river. Parents in the district have, in the aggregate, fewer years of education, and less income than those in the surrounding county, yet typically report frequent contacts with school personnel. The author concludes that these parents distinguish between meeting with school personnel for the welfare of their children and all other programs that do not have this pragmatic utility.

Using data obtained from a case-survey analysis of school desegregation in 52 large US school districts between 1968 & 1976, the effects of various techniques in reducing racial isolation are assessed. At the elementary school level, the most effective strategy was a combination of re-zoning with pairing & clustering of schools. For secondary schools the best strategy was re-zoning, although this variable made little difference in a multivariate equation. 5 Tables. HA.

The problem of compliance with state and federal statutes while maintaining a healthy financial picture in a school district has long been a challenge for the educational community. The passage of the Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA) is an example of legislation which has caused school districts to evaluate their educational program as it relates to accessibility, opportunity and accommodations of people with special needs. Indeed, this statutory compliance also challenges school districts to comply while maintaining a sound financial basis. The constraints of funding has made the ADA an even greater challenge than some statutes. This study was conducted to investigate the requirements necessary for a school district to legally comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act. Information gathered from various unit school districts in geographical sections throughout Illinois assisted in achieving this objective. In addition, a review of the available literature and research pertaining to this topic was made in order that legal requirements which exist due to this act were clearly understood and adhered to in the final compliance recommendations made to Iroquois Community School District# 9 in Watseka, Illinois. The ultimate goal was to present a complete plan for compliance with the statutory demands of the ADA in a reasonable and fiscally sound manner. The researcher surveyed a random sample of unit school districts in Illinois, performed a complete review of the literature related to this topic and attended a two day compliance seminar related to this topic in order to fully investigate the ADA and meet the study goals and objectives. Forty-five surveys were sent to unit school districts in Illinois. Fifteen surveys were sent to each of three geographic areas within the state. Twenty-five surveys were returned which is a 56% response rate. The findings of the study were used to assist in developing an ADA compliance plan for Unit # 9 as well as developing recommendations for Unit # 9 with regards to financing this compliance effort. The results of this field experience will help to educate and inform school district boards and administrators about the requirements of the ADA. The writer concluded that while the ADA could significantly effect a school district, few districts fully understand the requirements of this legislation. In addition, even fewer school districts have made an effort to comply with the ADA. Actually, only a small percentage of school districts have taken steps to comply.

Soil Transmitted Helminths (STH) infections is one of health issues in Indonesia that has environment and social basis. It is classified as neglected disease. The Indonesian government already has eradication program, but it is not supported by evaluation and monitoring program. The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence and relation of each risk factors related to STH infections in elementary school in Ngis village, Karangasem regency, Bali. The study was done by analytical description using cross sectional study. Samples were selected from population based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Primary data about suspected risk factors were collected using questionnaire. Diagnosis was established using Kato-Katz modification method. Data was analyzed using chi-square with confidence interval 95% or p value ≤0.05 categorized as significant. 138 students enrolled in this study, the median age is 9 (6-13) years. The prevalence of STH infections is 10.1% with 78.6% is single infection of Trichuris trichiura and 21.4% mixed infections. The proportion of STH infections in males is higher than female but it is statistically insignificant. STH infections have significant relationship with some risk factors such as not washing hand after defecation, not washing hand after playing with soil, barefoot, not cutting nails and consuming anti-helminthic routinely. The highest risk factor of STH infections in Ngis village is not having available and proper latrine. (OR=33.9; 95%CI=5.749-199.769). The prevalence of STH infection is quite high with mild to moderate intensity and risk factors namely low hygiene and limited latrines. The implementation of monitoring and evaluation can be an effort to control risk factors and stop the STH transmission chain.

This study aims to improve ecological literacy by developing teaching material products in the form of android-based electronic modules. The type of research used is Research and Development (R&D). The model used is a 4D development model, namely, 1) (define) definition, 2) (design) design, 3) (development) development, and 4) (dissemination) dissemination, using observation, interview, and questionnaire techniques. The research data were analyzed using the percentage formula. From the results of the assessment of material experts, the percentage is 93.2%, with very decent criteria, media experts are 96.8% with very proper criteria, and small-scale trials are 96.8% with possible standards. Large-scale product trials are an average percentage of 93.1% with very good criteria. The effectiveness of the e-module in improving ecological literacy was determined using the t-test. Effectiveness is seen in the average score of ecological literacy in the experimental class and the control class, there is a significant difference in the score of increasing ecological literacy before and after using the e-module. Electronic modules based on Android Pancasila and citizenship education subjects in grade VI Elementary School exceed the interval value of >80% which is very suitable to be used as additional teaching materials to support distance learning activities.

This study intended to explore the physical health awareness among elementary school students. The sample of the study, which was selected through random sampling. The sample comprised of 200 Elementary school students from District Solan of Himachal Pradesh. The tool was developed by the investigator herself for the present study. The results of the study revealed that Government and private Elementary school students differ significantly on their physical Health awareness, Boys and girls of private Elementary schools do not differ significantly on their physical Health awareness and boys and girls of government Elementary schools differ significantly on their physical Health awareness.

The aim of this lecture is to observe the status of students with special educational needs (SEN) in Europe and Hungary. The European Union has made tough decisions in financing and educating disabled people, so they can be integrated into the society. According to the European directives, Hungarian jurisdiction and educational politics tend to follow the pedagogical processes. The relevant juridical and economical laws for SEN students have already been implemented. The number of students with SEN in Europe increases permanently, so it is reasonable to detect their controversy. Despite this fact, differences can be experienced in teaching methods among primary schools, as a result development of SEN students can be different. The aim of this study to compare the motor skills of SEN students in two different primary schools, with different pedagogical program. My research base were the Ferenc Móra primay school and Gyermekház alapítvány primary school in Budapest. My main question was, if a specially developed program targeted SEN students can increase their motor skills. Studying the girls in the 2 age-groups, we have not experienced significant differencies out of the 3 motor tests between the control and the experimental groups.Studying the boys in the 2 age-groups, we have experienced 3 significant differencies out of the 3 motor tests between the control and the experimental groups. SEN students, who have been taught in segregated form with the help of 'Alapozó Terápia' – a special therapy – achieved better motor skills. The study makes recommendation to primary shools how to organise trainigs for these students.