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Este artículo analiza cómo el feminismo del poder (power feminism), una corriente feminista en el discurso jurídico internacional, se ha incorporado en el ordenamiento jurídico colombiano por medio del diseño y discusión de indicadores para medir el cumplimiento del gobierno colombiano de las órdenes de la Corte Constitucional sobre desplazamiento forzado interno en el país. Para lograr lo anterior se analiza la participación de la Corporación Sisma Mujer, una de las ONG promotoras de derechos de las mujeres más conocidas en Colombia, en los debates dentro y fuera de la Corte Constitucional que llevaron a esta Corte a adoptar una batería de indicadores para hacer seguimiento al goce efectivo de los derechos de las mujeres desplazadas y, en general, a implementar un enfoque sensible a las mujeres en el análisis del desplazamiento forzado. Para conocer los fundamentos teóricos de las intervenciones y estrategias usadas por la Corporación Sisma Mujer ante el Alto Tribunal Constitucional, este artículo combina una aproximación teórica con investigación documental y entrevistas. El texto de Nancy Fraser Rethinking the Public Sphere, y el concepto del feminismo de la gobernanza (governance feminism) de Janet Halley, Prabha Kotiswaran, Hila Shamir y Chantal Thomas constituyen el marco teórico básico. Los documentos elaborados por Sisma Mujer y las decisiones de la Corte Constitucional que aceptaron, apropiaron y transformaron las afirmaciones de Sisma, se analizan desde la perspectiva de Fraser y los aportes teóricos de Halley, Kotiswaran, Shamir y Thomas. Entrevistas con el personal de Sisma, y con otros actores relevantes complementan lo encontrado en los documentos y en las decisiones judiciales. ; This article analyzes how power feminism, a mainstream feminist trend in international legal discourse, was incorporated into the Colombian legal system through the process of design and discussion of indicators to measure the Colombian government's compliance with the Constitutional Court's orders regarding internal forced displacement in the country. To do so, this paper examines the participation of Corporación Sisma Mujer, one of the most well-known Colombian women's rights NGOs, in the debates inside and outside the Constitutional Court that led this Court to adopt a battery of indicators to track internally displaced women's effective enjoyment of rights, and in general a women-sensitive approach to forced displacement. To unveil the theoretical foundations of Corporación Sisma Mujer's interventions and strategies before the Constitutional Court, this article combines a theoretical approach with documentary research and interviews. Nancy Fraser's paper Rethinking the Public Sphere, and Janet Halley, Prabha Kotiswaran, Hila Shamir and Chantal Thomas' concept governance feminism constitute the basic theoretical framework. Documents drafted by Sisma Mujer and Constitutional Court decisions that accepted, appropriated and transformed Sisma's claims are analyzed through the lens of Fraser and Halley, Kotiswaran, Shamir and Thomas' theoretical contributions. Interviews with Sisma's staff, and with other relevant actors complement what is found in documents and judicial decisions.

La estimación del valor de los servicios ambientales representa un elemento crucial en el proceso de toma de decisiones sobre los programas y las políticas ambientales por desarrollar, así como un instrumento de orientación para la implementación de patrones de producción y consumo más sostenibles. Desde esta perspectiva, el presente estudio tiene como propósito estimar la disposición a pagar (DAP) de los consumidores de Bogotá por panela1 esto, se utilizó el método de valoración contingente. Mediante muestreo estratificado seleccionado, se determinó una muestra poblacional por estrato socioeconómico para la ciudad de Bogotá. A partir de la aplicación de un cuestionario, se preguntó a los consumidores su DAP por panela ecológica, así como temas relacionados con su comportamiento de consumo, gustos, preferencias, compromiso ambiental, social y sus características socioeconómicas. En función de la combinación de este método de valoración económica e información cualitativa, se pudo concluir que los consumidores están dispuestos a pagar un mayor precio por estos tipos de panela, especialmente por la pulverizada ecológica. De igual forma, se evidenció la existencia de una relación directa entre el estrato socioeconómico y la DAP por panela pulverizada convencional y ecológica. Finalmente, se determinó que el compromiso por la conservación y protección del medio ambiente, cuando es percibido por el consumidor como un elemento que garantiza el consumo de productos saludables e inocuos, representa un factor determinante en la disposición a pagar un mayor precio por panela pulverizada convencional y ecológica. ; Estimating the value of the environmental services represents a crucial element in the process of making decisions on the programs and the environmental politics to develop, as well as an orientation instrument for the implementation of production patterns and more sustainable consumption. From this perspective, the present study has as purpose to estimate the willingness to pay (WTP) of the consumers from Bogotá for ecological panela2 valuation was used. A selected stratified sampling of the population was determined by socioeconomic stratum for the city of Bogotá; the consumers were asked if they would be willing to pay for ecological panela, as well as topics related to their consumption behavior, likes, preferences, environmental, social commitment, and their socioeconomic characteristics. By means of the combination of this method of economic valuation and qualitative information, this paper concluded that the consumers are willing to pay a bigger price for these panela types, especially for the powder ecological panela. A crucial conclusion is the existence of a direct relationship between the socioeconomic stratum and the WTP by conventional and ecological powder panela. Finally, it was determined that the commitment for the conservation and protection of the environment, when it is perceived by the consumer like an element that guarantees the consumption of healthy and innocuous products, represents a decisive factor in the willing to pay a bigger price for conventional and ecological powder panela.

Millions of immigrants risk deportation and imprisonment by living in the US without legal status. They are living underground, with little protection from exploitation at the hands of human smugglers, employers, or law enforcement. Underground America presents the remarkable oral histories of men and women living without legal status and struggling to carve lives for themselves in the U.S.

Pengelolaan sampah di Indonesia menurut rasio adalah diangkut dan ditimbun di TPA sebesar 69persen, dikubur sebesar 10 persen, dikompos dan didaur ulang sebesar 7 persen, dibakar sebesar 5persen, dan sisanya tidak terkelola. Semakin hari akan semakin banyak persentasi sampah yang tidakterkelola diakibatkan oleh pola hidup yang konsumtif dan sampah tersebut akan menimbulkanberbagai macam masalah baik itu masalah lingkungan fisik, kesehatan manusia, keindahan estetika,dan masalah sosial. Untuk mengatasi volume sampah yang semakin meningkat, maka pengelolaansampah sangat dibutuhkan. Pengelolaan sampah dilakukan yaitu untuk mengurangi volume timbulansampah bahkan dapat memusnahkan sampah dari muka bumi ini dengan syarat seluruh manusia sadarakan bahayanya sampah. Dalam melakukan pengelolaan sampah tidak cukup dilakukan olehpemerintahan saja melainkan masyarakat juga harus ikut terlibat dalam mengatasi masalah sampah inikarena sampah jika dikelola oleh masyarakat akan berdampak positif bagi kehidupan mereka. Olehkarena itu, partisipasi masyarakat sangat penting bagi peningkatan kualitas manusia agar dapatmeningkatkan partisipasi secara nyata dalam berbagai aktifitas kehidupan untuk mendorongterciptanya kegiatan produktif yang bernilai tinggi. Salah satu hal yang paling sederhana denganpendekatan zero waste minimal menggunakan 3R, dengan demikian, dalam pengolahan sampahbertujuan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan masyarakat dalam mengatasi lingkungannya.Kata kunci: masyarakat. Pengelolaan sampah According to the ratio, waste management in Indonesia is transported and dumped in TPA by 69percent, buried by 10 percent, composted and recycled by 7 percent, burned by 5 percent, and the restis not managed. Increasingly, there will be more and more percentages of unmanaged waste caused byconsumptive lifestyles and this waste will cause various kinds of problems, both physicalenvironmental problems, human health, aesthetic beauty, and social problems. To cope with theincreasing volume of waste, waste management is urgently needed. Waste management is carried out,namely to reduce the volume of waste generation, it can even destroy waste from the face of the earth,provided that all humans are aware of the dangers of waste. In carrying out waste management, it isnot enough just to do it by the government but the community must also be involved in overcomingthis waste problem because if waste is managed by the community it will have a positive impact ontheir lives. Therefore, community participation is very important for improving the quality of humansin order to increase participation in real life activities to encourage the creation of productive activitiesof high value. One of the simplest things with a zero waste approach is at least using 3R, thus, inwaste processing it aims to increase the ability of the community to cope with the environment.Keywords: society, waste management

The purpose of this study is to see how the representation of government officials about the pros and cons of lockdown by those who are pro with the policy of government officials; and how the representation of government officials about the lockdown counter by those who are counter to the policy of government officials in conveying their ideology in a speech on the ILC TV ONE talk show with the theme Corona: Pro and Counter Lockdown. This type of research is qualitative research with descriptive methods. The data in this study were in the form of speeches from each of the speakers, namely government officials and experts. The subjects in this study were government officials and experts who were the speakers at the ILC TV ONE program. The approach of this research is AWK Norman Fairclough's qualitative approach. The results of this study indicate that, that there is no one vote whether the pros or cons lockdown. Because there are a lot of considerations and shadows if the lockdown is done what the impact is and if nothing is done. There are 3 findings of representation from government officials' statements on the lockdown policy, namely (1) Government officials in their speeches do not have strong control to make decisions, local government officials still play it safe and maintain respect for the government above it. (2) Central government officials, which are represented by the President's spokesman, can only provide an educational explanation on what is social distancing and what is lockdown and the policies that are carried out; and (3) Representative government officials and experts criticizing the policies taken by the government have not been maximized and are not firm. AbstrakTujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengungkapkan bagaimana representasi pejabat pemerintah tentang pro dan kontra lockdown oleh pihak yang pro dengan kebijakan pejabat pemerintah; dan bagaimana representasi pejabat pemerintah tentang prokontra lockdown oleh pihak yang kontra dengan kebijakan pejabat pemerintah dalam menyampaikan ideologinya dalam tuturan di talk show ILC TV ONE dengan tema Corona: Pro dan Kontra Lockdown. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan metode deskriptif. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis wacana kritis model Norman Fairclough yang meliputi teks, discourse practice, dan sociocultural practice. Pendekatan penelitian ini berupa pendekatan kualitatif prespektif AWK Norman Fairclough. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa, bahwa tidak satu suara apakah pro atau kontra lockdown. Karena banyak pertimbangan dan bayangan-bayangan jika lockdown dilakukan apa dampaknya dan jika tidak dilakukan apapula dampaknya. Ada 3 temuan representasi dari tuturan pejabat pemerintah atas kebijakan lockdown, yaitu (1) Pejabat pemerintah dalam tuturannya tidak mempunyai kendali yang kuat untuk membuat keputusan, pejabat pemerintah daerah masih bermain aman dan menjaga kehormatan kepada pemerintah diatasnya. (2) Pejabat pemerintah pusat yaitu diwakili oleh jubir Presiden hanya bisa memberikan penjelasan pendidikan mengenai apa itu sosial distancing dan apa itu lockdown serta kebijakan yang dilakukan; dan (3) Pejabat pemerintah wakil rakyat dan pakar mengkritisi kebijakan yang diambil pemerintah belum maksimal dan tidak tegas.

Este artículo analiza cómo el derecho internacional de la inversión ex- tranjera puede impulsar cambios radicales en el proceso a través del cual la costumbre se cristaliza como fuente de derecho internacional. estos cambios importan no solo desde una perspectiva teórica, sino qué, se tornan mucho más relevantes cuando esta rama específica del derecho internacional se entiende no solo como un régimen legal sino también como una estructura de gobernanza global que tiene profundas repercusiones sobre las prácticas administrativas de los estados y la forma en que éstos eligen regular las relaciones con sus ciudadanos. de esta forma el artículo pretende hacer una valoración sobre los problemas de legitimidad inherentes, no solo sobre los procesos de formación de la costumbre internacional, sino también sobre las prácticas administrativas nacionales. ; This article analyzes how the international law on foreign investment can bring radical changes in the positivist paradigm which has prevailed so far regarding the formation of customary international law. These changes are of particular importance not only from a theoretical perspective, but they also become more relevant when the international law on foreign investment is considered as a structure of global governance which has deep repercussions over the administrative practices of states and the way they choose how to regulate their relations with their citizens. therefore the article aims to make an assessment on the legitimacy problems inherent in the paradigm's change of the formation of customary international law and the correlative legitimacy problems that arise on the domestic administrative practices sphere.

Este artículo hace una lectura de El correo de Bagdad y La novela de Galvarino y Elena, dos novelas de José Miguel Varas. A través de una crónica histórica y una novela testimonial Varas produce discursos alternativos a la historia oficial de la segunda mitad del siglo veinte en Chile. Refleja una negociación clave de la identidad chilena post-Pinochet. El análisis de estos dos textos en conjunto puede verse como un proyecto sobre la chilenidad y la reconciliación; una identidad chilena compleja que se ocupa de una memoria colectiva amplia perteneciente a los años de la Unidad Popular, del golpe militar, de la vida exiliada, y de la vida bajo la dictadura.

Fear, which has always been one of the most powerful of human passions, has grown in importance during modernity. First with Machiavelli and later especially with Hobbes, fear has become one of the foundational ideas of modern political philosophy. If fear, especially fear of death, does indeed occupy a central place in the foundation of modern politics, then it is necessary to study carefully the implications and consequences of the transhumanist attempt to overcome death. Among the main aspirations of transhumanism is the search for almost infinite longevity and, eventually, the total abolition of aging. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the specific role that fear of death has played in modern political philosophy to understand the possible effects that an eventual overcoming of death would have, albeit partial, as wanted by transhumanists. While the possibility of achieving immortality seems unlikely, this doesn't mean that we shouldn't study what's behind this transhumanist aspiration. In this way, transhumanism seems the final consequence of modern development, since it's in continuity with the modern attempt to respond to the fear of death, but it does so by trying an ultimate solution to it through the elimination of death, at least by sickness and old age. In this paper, we will review the role of fear of death in the founding of modern political philosophy by Machiavelli and Hobbes, and then we will analyse the transhumanist attempt to overcome death as a consequence of this fear and its possible political effects.

In recent years, Chile has been the scene of important political, social, cultural and religious transformations, being the so-called "official" religiosity that has experienced the most significant decline in adherence to the doctrinal truths proposed by the magisterium of church. The research that follows intends to address the phenomenon of migration in postmodern Chile and its impact on the religious phenomenon, postulating that the eventual emergence of a "new religiosity" formulated from an intercultural dialogue, may mean a bridge to narrow the gaps existing between the so-called "popular" religiosity and the approaches to theological work, traditionally exposed, in a monocultural sense, and with the character of a meta-story. ; Durante los últimos años, Chile ha sido escenario de importantes trasformaciones, en lo político, social, cultural y religioso, siendo la religiosidad llamada "oficial", aquella que ha experimentado el más significativo declive en adherencia a las verdades doctrinas propuestas por el magisterio de la iglesia. La investigación que sigue, se propone abordar el fenómeno de la migración en el Chile postmoderno y su incidencia en el fenómeno religioso, postulando que el eventual surgimiento de una "nueva religiosidad" formulada desde un diálogo intercultural, puede significar un puente para estrechar las brechas existentes entre la llamada religiosidad "popular" y los planteamientos del quehacer teológico, expuestos tradicionalmente, en un sentido monocultural, y con el carácter de metarrelato.