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THIS STUDY TESTED THE PROPOSITION THAT UNIVERSITY UNDERGRADUATES WOULD HAVE HIGHER EMPOWERMENT SCORES WITH REGARD TO ADVOCATING FOR ANTINUCLEAR RATHER THAN PRONUCLEAR WEAPONS ISSUES. IN ADDITION, EMPOWERMENT WOULD BE A DETERMINING FACTOR OF ANTINUCLEAR BUT NOT OF PRONUCLEAR ACTIVISM AMONG THESE STUDENTS. TWO COMPONENTS OF EMPOWERMENT WERE ASSESSED IN A DECISION-MAKING TASK, NAMELY, INTENTIONS TO DEAL WITH THE PROBLEMS OF NUCLEAR WEAPON AND CONFIDENCE IN THOSE DECISIONS. THE INTENTIONS TO DEAL WITH NUCLEAR WEAPONS ISSUES WERE ASSESSED BY THE STUDENTS' ENDORSEMENTS OF COPING ACTIONS TO DEAL WITH PROBLEM SITUATIONS PRESENTED ON A COMPUTER. PERCEIVED EMPOWERMENT WAS MEASURED BY THEIR SELF-RATED CONFIDENCE IN THE CORRECTNESS OF THE DECISIONS. CONCERNS OR WORRIES ABOUT NUCLEAR ISSUES WERE MEASURED BY THE FREQUENCY OF SELF-REPORTED ANTINUCLEAR AND PRONUCLEAR THOUGHTS. THE STUDENTS' PREVIOUS ACTIVITIES RELATED TO ANTINUCLEAR AND PRONUCLEAR ADVOCACY WERE ALSO MEASURED WITH A QUESTIONNAIRE. THE MAJOR FINDINGS WERE THAT ANTINUCLEAR CONCERNS, INTENTIONS TO ENGAGE IN ANTINUCLEAR COPING ACTIONS, AND CONFIDENCE IN THE DECISIONS ALL CONTRIBUTED TO THE DETERMINATION OF ANTINUCLEAR ACTIVISM. IN CONTRAST, ONLY PRONUCLEAR CONCERNS DETERMINED PRONUCLEAR ACTIVISM. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT EMPOWERMENT IS SITUATIONALLY DETERMINED OR LIMITED TO SPECIFIC ISSUES IN ANY PARTICULAR GROUP. THE FINDINGS WERE DISCUSSED WITH REFERENCE TO INCREASING THE ACTIVISM OF CITIZENS THROUGH PUBLIC POLICIES THAT ARE SPY: 1996

Emphasis on Soviet contributions to antiwar actions and efforts to halt the nuclear arms race.

The history of the formation of such activist physicians' groups as Physicians for Social Responsibility & the International Physicians for Prevention of Nuclear War is reviewed. It is suggested that doctors' groups that focus on issues of social responsibility provide an alternative to the traditionally held concern of most doctors for individual reputation & medical responsibility. The rise in physicians' social movements -- which use lobbying, advocacy, research, & education to address such issues as peace, the distribution of resources, & the environment -- is linked to the development of the field of epidemiology. 2 Figures. Adapted from the source document.

During the 1970s, hundreds of thousands of people across Western Europe protested against civil nuclear energy. This volume uses a mix of oral and archival history to explore how citizens from disparate walks of life in France and West Germany united to oppose nuclear power, transcending national borders and political and social differences

Intro -- Contents -- Notes on Contributors -- List of Figures -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- 1 Changing Context, New Debate -- 2 Non-Nuclear Peace and Scholarly Responsibility -- 3 The Structure of the Book -- 4 A Word of Thanks -- References -- Part I Criticism of Nuclear Deterrence and Proliferation: Old and New -- Chapter 2 Conceptions of the Bomb in the Early Nuclear Age -- 1 The Bomb and the Politics of Knowledge -- 2 Battlefields -- 2.1 The Moral Question -- 2.2 The Question of Use -- 2.3 The Question of Stability -- 2.4 The Nature of the Question -- 3 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 Nuclear Weapons: Peaceful, Dangerous, or Irrelevant? -- 1 The Persistence of the Nuclear Weapons Paradigm -- 2 Nuclear Weapons: Different but the Same -- 3 The Temporal Contexts of Nuclear Weapons and Their Doctrines -- 4 The Non-proliferation and Disarmament Paradigm -- 5 The Rise of Arms Control -- 6 Nuclear Weapons Risks -- 7 New Risks, New Responses -- References -- Chapter 4 Vertical Proliferation in Light of the Disarmament Commitment -- 1 Conceptualizing the Relation Between Vertical Proliferation and Disarmament -- 2 Legal Perspective on Nuclear Vertical Proliferation -- 2.1 Implicit Mentions in the NPT -- 2.2 The Struggle for an Explicit Mention in the NPT -- 2.3 Vertical Proliferation in the NPT Review Process and Beyond -- 3 Practice: US Nuclear Weapons Modernization and Stockpile Renewal -- 3.1 Routine Check-Up or New Capabilities? -- 3.2 Disarmament-Supporting Modernization -- 3.3 Relation Between Arms Control Agreements and Modernization -- 3.3.1 CTBT -- 3.3.2 New START -- 4 An Unexploited Spectrum -- References -- Part II On the Road to Non-Nuclear Peace: From Ridicule to Stigmatizing via Prohibition -- Chapter 5 Stigmatization by Ridicule: From Dr. Strangelove to Donald Trump -- 1 Introduction.