Suchergebnisse

21st century introduced the world a new region that for a last decade became an object of heated political discussion – the Arctic. The Arctic region has been changing from the potential conflict area between bipolar powers during the Cold War into the arena for international cooperation and economical rivalry. Since the events in 2007 the attention was absorbed to the benefits which shortly it may bring: natural resources and mineral, advantageous transportation ways. Even though the gain out of the region is in unknown distant future, the interest to the Arctic remains high. All the actors agree that due to the extreme conditions of the Arctic area, which requires high financial input, the most successful way to develop the region is cooperation and investment promotion. In sequence, geopolitical importance of the region has been increasing as well. In spite of this work comprise both: regional and non-regional actors of the Arctic, more specifically it focuses on Russia as the biggest regional country and its geopolitical Arctic approach. As a model for Russian Arctic geopolitics was chosen viii the concept of Vadim Leonidovich Tsimbusky "The Russian Island" – the main work of unrecognized genius of Russian geopolitics of post-Cold War time. Analyses of the concept's pillars revealed the concept being flexible and livable which makes it appropriate fully or partially use as the Arctic geopolitical concept of the Russian Federation. ; 21. asır dünyaya son 10 yılda sıcak tartışmalara konu olan yeni bir coğrafi bölge olan Arktik'i getirmiştir. Arktik bölgesi çift kutuplu Soğuk Savaş dönemindeki muhtemel çatışma sahası durumundan, uluslararası işbirliği ve ekonomik rekabet alanına dönüşmektedir. 2007 yılından bu yana cereyan etmekte olan gelişmeler, özetle doğal kaynak ve mineraller ile avantajlı taşıma yolu olarak tanımlanabilecek faydalara büyük ilgi uyandırmaktadır. Bölgeden elde edilebilecek faydalar uzun vadede çok bilinmez olsa da, Arktik'e olan ilgi yüksek düzeyde devam etmektedir. Etkin olan tüm aktörlerin kabul ettiği üzere, Arktik bölgesinin aşırı zor koşulları nedeniyle gerek duyulan yüksek maliyet, bölgenin gelişimini sağlamada en başarılı yöntemin işbirliği yapmak ve yatırımları teşvik etmek olacağını ortaya koymaktadır. Bu duruma paralel olarak bölgenin jeopolitik önemi de artmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Arktik'teki tüm bölgesel oyuncular ile bölge dışında yer alan oyuncular değerlendirilse de, çalışma özellikle bölgenin en büyük ülkesi olan Rusya Federasyonu ve onun Arktik bölgesi jeopolitiği üzerine odaklanmaktadır. x Çalışmada model olarak, Soğuk Savaş sonrası Rus jeopolitiğinin tanınmayan dahisi Vadim Leonidovich Tsimbursky'nin temel çalışması olan " Rus Adası" alınmıştır. Bu modelin temel sütunları analiz edildiğinde, kavramsal olarak esnek ve uygulanabilir olduğu ortaya çıkmaktadır ki, bu özelliği nedeniyle Rusya Federasyonu'nun Arktik jeopolitiği için bütünüyle veya kısmen uygulanabilir bir model olacağı görülmektedir.

There are some long-term trends in the global energy market: changing geography of hydrocarbons production, displacement of the centers of oil and gas in remote and offshore areas, steady decline in hydrocarbon production in the continental deposits, maintaining a stable level due to increased production from offshore fields. Currently, the share of oil and gas offshore is more than 25% of production in the world. Deterioration of conditions of hydrocarbon production comes with growing demand for oil and gas in the world. According to IEA and BP projections, the global demand for natural gas in 2030 will increase by 40%, oil - by 36%. The Arctic shelf is the largest and still the only source of undiscovered hydrocarbons. According to the U.S. Geological Survey, the share of the Arctic shelf is about one-fifth of all undiscovered recoverable oil and gas reserves in the world. Most of these potential resources are located on the Russian part of the Arctic shelf. Recoverable hydrocarbon resources of the Russian Arctic shelf consist of about 13 billion tons of oil and condensate and 70 trillion cubic meters of natural gas. According to the forecast of the Russian Ministry of Natural Resources, oil production in the Russian Arctic shelf in 2030 will be 66 million tons, and gas production - 230 billion cubic meters. Traditionally, the largest share of Russian exports of oil and gas deal with European countries (about 80%). Supply of Russian energy covers a significant part of the European industry and households needs. In 2012, Russia provided about 34% of natural gas imports the EU, 33% - of crude oil imports. Significant challenges of the development of the Arctic fields are the following: need in more sophisticated and expensive technologies to carry out production and transportation of hydrocarbons in extreme environments, and to provide a sufficient level of environmental safety. To overcome these difficulties, the Russian company Rosneft in 2012 signed an agreement about jointly development the Arctic shelf deposits with foreign companies, ExxonMobil, Statoil, Eni. And in 2013 Russian company Gazprom will start production at the Prirazlomnoye field in the Barents Sea. In the context of sustainable long-term growth in global demand for hydrocarbons offshore development of the Arctic shelf is a necessary condition for energy supply the global economy. Development of new technologies for offshore production and transportation will boost high-tech industries as well as to expand cooperation in the economic and investment areas with the European countries.

This report, Conflict Prevention and Security Cooperation in the Arctic Region: Frameworks for the Future, captures consensus of the Newport Arctic Scholars Initiative 2020 scholars. Building upon the 2018-2019 NASI work on the limitations of the current cooperative security fora in the Arctic region, this cohort explored existing international frameworks and assessed their abilities to ensure freedom and security in the Arctic through political-military means. NASI 2020 also examined existing frameworks to determine whether they enabled increased dialogue and maritime security cooperation in the region. The frameworks were further evaluated for their abilities to prevent and manage conflict and enhance cooperation on areas of common security and defense interests in the region. Scholars were tasked to identify new frameworks that could be useful in establishing – and maintaining – open channels of communication, preventing conflict, and enhancing cooperation on areas of common security and defense interests among nations and navies in the Arctic region. Finally, the group sought to identify practical arrangements for a future meeting or summit that could bring together states to enhance dialogue on security and cooperation in the Arctic region.

In 1924, the German aeronaut Walter Bruns turned to the Soviet government with a proposal of cooperation in the field of aeronautics. He suggested creating a concession company for the transportation of passengers by airship from Europe to East Asia, granting the bases of airships the right of extraterritoriality, making them "free harbours". The aim of this study is to present the results of Soviet-German cooperation in the development of aeronautics and the tasks that were planned to be solved with the help of airships in the development of the Arctic territories. Analysis of the sources demonstrates that V. Bruns' project was seen by the Soviet officials as dubious in terms of recoupment, and they were not ready to allocate funds for its implementation. The authorities were interested, first of all, in obtaining German technologies and localising the construction of airships at Soviet shipyards. In this article, special attention is paid to how Bruns' project was evaluated by experts, among whom the military played a leading role. They opposed regular flights of airships with foreign crews across Soviet territory, as they considered them a potential threat to the country's defense. Bruns' other project on the organisation of an international scientific expedition to study the Arctic was of greater interest to the authorities. The practical result of this project was the flight of Graf Zeppelin, a German airship, in 1931 whose crew included Soviet specialists. However, after that, the cooperation with the Italian aeronaut Umberto Nobile became more significant for the Soviet authorities and he began building airships in the USSR.

Search and rescue is a collaborative act even at the national level. Cooperation and coordination among different agencies and organisations of the governments and the public cooperation is necessary for the success of this act. Though, Arctic is largely a barren and desolate area but many accidents and disaster have also been reported which were largely managed by individual countries. But, the region is changing now as it may be opened for navigation and exploration after few years only. The region is also experiencing increasing level of human interference and activates. These are likely to increase further in the future. All these developments indicate increasing level of risk in the region. Parts of this region are also contested by regional powers. In the absence of specific rules, regulation and terms of cooperation this contestation/competition may turn into conflict. There is also a history of cooperation among regional countries. Russia and Norway have been cooperating for SAR

The article deals with the situation of competition for resources (primarily oil and gas) between states, in the Arctic Region. The reasoning is generally based on the assumption that today's competitive process is mainly shaped and determined by the specificity of the international political system. At present, the founding principle of international environment is the assumption of the state territorial sovereignty that reduces the possibilities of action towards resources, mainly to remote supplies via international trade and territorialisation, i.e. embracing the parcel of interest by the state border and its inclusion into the space guarded by state sovereign authority. In turn, this leads to a crucial increase of the expansion on the sea importance, since the land territory is already delimited among the sovereign polities. For Russian Federation this means that the Arctic Region will acquire the greatest importance in the state territorial strategy. The author further analyses the strategies of Russia's competitors from Arctic Region and beyond, and finds out that the U.S. strategy is of the principle importance, even though the Arctic does not present a first rank priority for this state. Nevertheless, the politics of the USA is an example of a novel approach to the outer territories that goes beyond the traditional view on international system. This approach is unilateral and is based on a novel reading of the sovereignty concept. The indicating point is not signing the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea that enables the USA to act with lesser need for coordination with other participants of the international system. The instrumental support for this policy is the increasing usage of extraterritorial application of national laws and particular norms. The article provides case analyses of such policies towards resources, companies, international organizations and can be used in the Arctic that presents an ideal place for extraterritorially shaped policy to implement. The article also posits that in Russia the lack of interest toward extraterritoriality of laws is evident, while this could become an effective instrument of the state interest promoting. Acknoledgement. The publication is prepared within the fundamental research project of Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences No. 15-15-6-29 "Perspectives of Arctic Policies: Interests and Strategies of the World Leading States".