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In debates over Puget Sound salmon recovery, the Wild Steelhead Federation, a settler sportfishing advocate, argues that hatchery-raised steelhead lack fighting spirit, and figures them as unnatural. The Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission and its member tribes operate hatcheries as strategy for maintaining fish runs until degraded habitats can be restored, and figure hatcheries as one of many sites of making relations. Although the genetic science mobilized on all sides of this debate is fairly new, settler discourses that, on the one hand, blame tribal harvest for salmon decline and, on the other hand, construe sportfishing as central to settler family-making and masculinities, have roots going back to the notion of the frontier itself. As a slantwise intervention in this debate, I consider sportfishing as a site and strategy for making settler sexualities, by examining visual archives that document historical practices of sportfishing and the technologies on which contemporary salmon and trout sportfishing depends: the reservoir, the fish hatchery, and the fishing pole. Tracing arguments about Nature and settler masculinities back to the origins of fish culture in hatcheries through the writing of George Perkins Marsh, I argue labeling either normative settler sexualities and gender relations or the flooded spawning grounds beneath reservoirs as unnatural threatens co-constituted settler sexualities and reworkings of "natural" landscapes. ; Au sein des débats qui entourent la réimplantation des saumons dans le Puget Sound, la Wild Steelhead Federation, qui défend la pêche sportive des colons, avance que les saumons Steelhead de pisciculture manquent d'agressivité et ne les considèrent pas comme naturels. La Northwest Idian Fisheries Commission et les tribus qui en sont membres maintiennent que la production en élevage sera un stratégie nécessaire pour conserver la population piscicole jusqu'à la restauration de leur habitat naturel, et considèrent la pisciculture comme un des multiples sites propices à ...

On 5 August 2019, a radical change was made to Article 370 in the Constitution of India. The provision had been popularly represented to safeguard the autonomy of Jammu & Kashmir. This change was also accompanied by what can best be described as a brutal "siege" – characterised by mass detentions, communication blackouts, press curbs, and curfews, to name a few. Around this time, a feminist collective came out with a version of "Bella Ciao," clear in their distancing from the laws that were never theirs to begin with and their assertion of how they belonged to the Indian State. As they say, "Tuhindi Article" ("The Articles Were Yours"). Yet, all of this is said with a sense of loss and rage to mark this moment of "constitutional" change. This article is an attempt to take their articulation (and this paradox) more seriously than is conventionally taken in constitutional law scholarship – especially now that the Supreme Court of India has also upheld the validity of the changes made to Article 370 in 2019. Centring this voice, the article attempts to understand it. Through such interrogation, the piece urges us to problematise the use of the Indian constitutional framework in the engagement with Jammu & Kashmir and invites us to pay closer attention to ways that it becomes a tool that works and is worked towards striking at the heart of what the singers call "collective struggles" and "hopes". More specifically, thinking through moments of the birth, life, and the purported demise of Article 370, this article hopes to demonstrate that the focus on Article 370 in conversations and legal practice has contributed to flattening text-book international (law) issues of contested sovereignties, and violently erases a long history and plurality attached to the self-determination driven struggles (and those expressing them). Besides advancing reasons for taking such articulations more seriously, the piece nudges towards the need to conceptualise roles where the use of the constitutional framework, will not see past this and make space for questions of self-determination and contested sovereignties.

Includes index. ; Cover title: Code and regulations for the military forces of the State of Oregon. ; Mode of access: Internet.

The siege of Alesia, a major episode of the Gallic wars, in 52 BC saw the Gallic coalition gathered around Vercingetorix fail to repel the Roman army led by Caesar. There is a strong dichotomy between the important place that this episode plays in the construction of the French national myth and the brevity of the siege, with the few visible and intelligible archaeological traces left by this type of event for the general public. These aspects contributed to the debate in the 19th century on the location of Alesia's headquarters. This controversy emerged from the scientific field over the course of a century and a half of field research that had brought to light the remains of this episode in Alise-Sainte-Reine. However, alternative locations of the site are still being defended and this pseudo-controversy continues to receive unexpected media coverage in view of the weakness of the arguments put forward. This raises questions about the ethical issues raised by such media presentations of archaeological subjects, when they submit a scientific question to commercial considerations. Indeed, these theories seek to stick to the myth, in particular by matching a site to a preconceived idea. They also feed on the ingredients of a conspiracy theory: either by deduction, because if these locations lack evidence, it is because they are hidden by archaeologists; or as a starting point, out of mistrust of the scientific discourse referred to as "official history". There is also an ethical question for the researcher about how to deal with these situations. ; Le siège d'Alésia, épisode majeur de la guerre des Gaules, voit en 52av.n.è. la coalition gauloise rassemblée autour de Vercingétorix échouer à repousser l'armée romaine menée par César. Il y a une forte dichotomie entre la place importante que prend cet épisode dans la construction du mythe national français et la brièveté du siège, avec le peu de traces archéologiques visibles et intelligibles du grand public que laisse ce type d'événement. Ces aspects ont contribué ...

The current study investigates how second language (L2) listening comprehension is associated with three dimensions of L2 vocabulary knowledge: size, depth, and fluency. Vocabulary knowledge tests administered to 290 participants measured L2 auditory vocabulary size, depth, and fluency. Afterward, participants took an International English Language Testing System (IELTS) listening test that measured L2 listening comprehension. Using a structural equation modeling technique, we found that all three dimensions of vocabulary knowledge are significant predictors of L2 listening comprehension. Size of auditory vocabulary in the L2 has the strongest predictive power over L2 listening comprehension. The results of the current study offer useful pedagogical implications for improving L2 listening comprehension. ; La présente étude examine comment la compréhension orale de la deuxième langue (L2) est associée à trois dimensions de la connaissance du vocabulaire de la L2 : la taille, la profondeur et la fluidité. Des tests de connaissance du vocabulaire mesurant la taille, la profondeur et la fluence du vocabulaire auditif de la L2 ont été administrés à 290 participants. Ensuite, les participants ont passé un test d'écoute International English Language Testing System (IELTS) qui mesure la compréhension à l'écoute de la L2. En utilisant une technique de modélisation par équation structurelle, nous avons constaté que les trois dimensions de la connaissance du vocabulaire sont des prédicteurs significatifs de la compréhension orale de la L2. La taille du vocabulaire auditif L2 a la plus forte puissance prédictive sur la compréhension orale de la L2. Les résultats de la présente étude offrent des implications pédagogiques utiles pour améliorer la compréhension orale L2.

In recent years, we have witnessed a technological revolution in molecular genetics with the advent of next-generation sequencing (NGS). During medical genetics consultations in hospitals, patients are confronted with the difficult question of research and disclosure of so-called additional data, which are not related to their pathology, the primary data. This may be incidental data (the discovery is incidental) or secondary data, i.e., data actively searched for in a defined list of genes. How can we ensure that patients are sufficiently autonomous in dealing with this issue? What is the role of the healthcare team? Can we harmonize practices with respect to these data? We propose a variable scale strategy applied to genetics that consists in adapting the degree of autonomy required according to the medical impact and the level of reliability of the genetic data transmitted to the patient. We also provide elements to promote patient autonomy. We believe it is necessary to separate primary from additional data, to develop the means to provide adequate information to patients, and finally to support patients in their process with psychological support and to respecting a certain period of reflection. Ultimately, it is the responsibility of the medical team to assess, on a case-by-case basis, the appropriateness of seeking this data and disclosing it to the patient. ; Depuis ces dernières années, nous assistons à une révolution technologique en génétique moléculaire avec l'avènement du séquençage de nouvelle génération (NGS). Lors des consultations médicales de génétique à l'hôpital, le patient est confronté à la question difficile de la recherche et de la divulgation des données dites additionnelles, qui ne sont pas en lien avec sa pathologie, la donnée primaire. Il peut s'agir de données incidentes (la découverte est fortuite) ou de données secondaires, c'est-à-dire des données recherchées activement dans une liste de gènes définie. Comment s'assurer de l'autonomie suffisante des patients face à cette question? ...

This paper argues that international development research should be submitted to the oversight of research ethics committees from the countries where data will be collected. This includes research conducted by individuals who may fall outside the jurisdictions of most ethics guidelines or policies, such as individuals contracted by non-governmental organizations. The argument is grounded in an understanding of social justice that recognizes that not seeking local ethics approval can be an affront to the decolonization movement, and may lead to significant direct harms to participants. Local ethics oversight can help ensure projects appropriately take into consideration local laws, regulations, priorities and context. For example, a local research ethics committee may be in a better position than a foreign one to assess whether any given proposed project carries context-specific risks. In addition, submitting to a local research ethics committee is to acknowledge the legitimacy of local authorities, thereby taking a stance against the history of colonizing disempowerment. Local oversight is a mechanism to increase the accountability of researchers working abroad: if respect for local authority and tailoring to local context are to be upheld, there must be mechanisms to ensure that research that does not meet these requirements does not proceed. Objections based on the limited oversight capacity in some countries and on concerns related to the politicization of the review process are discussed. Finally, the roles and responsibilities of the various stakeholders in the implementation of greater local ethics oversight are laid out. ; Cet article fait valoir que la recherche sur le développement international devrait être soumise à la surveillance des comités d'éthique de la recherche dans les pays où les données seront collectées. Cela inclut les personnes ayant un statut qui leur permet de se soustraire des lignes directrices ou des politiques d'éthique, telles que les personnes engagées par des organisations non ...

Zayets, A.: Newest constitutional process and local self-government reform. - S. 87-88