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The evolution from a public space such as the one defined throughout the twentieth century –characterised by unidirectionality and political and media intermediation– towards a digital scenario –with multiple actors and multi-directional messages– has not resolved the problems that existed beforehand, and has also generated others. This public space crisis has been aggravated by the fragmentation of audiences, often absorbed into their own echo chamber, and by the dispersion and jumble of voices that are an impediment to any possibility of unravelling the terms of public debate. Faced with enormous challenges such as disinformation, the conventional media, who have traditionally held the responsibility of providing quality information, address these issues from a position of extreme vulnerability, due to the disintegration of the former economic model and social credibility. In a context of uncertainty, crisis, and fragmented public spheres, and there being no alternatives that can guarantee distinct dialogue, the initiation of a social debate that prioritises quality of information is essential.

Presence and activity of Spanish regional parliaments in social networks: Little progress in promoting citizen participation. Social networks have become an essential communication tool for public institutions. The 17 Spanish autonomous parliaments already have many profiles in several networks and have been increasing their activity in them, especially to disseminate information. However, there are few studies that analyze how they use these networks to promote dialogue and participation of citizens, true values of communication 2.0 and the so-called "open parliaments". By monitoring their profiles, and based on the above analysis data, it is clear that despite the progress, there is still a long way to go in this area.

Participatory journalism and interaction on the web is a chapter of the book "Democratization of communications: From the McBride Report to the Information Society"

An analysis of the news on Covid-19 published by okdiario.com and eldiario.es until the end of April 2020 is carried out considering interactions on Facebook (shares, comments, and reactions) as the consumption measure. The analysis includes the evolution of the news published; an analysis of the interactions on Facebook, including the top 10 news items with the most interactions for each media; and a content analysis based on the keywords extracted from the metatags of the digital news websites. The evolution of the publication volume is similar for both media, but okdiario.com achieves a greater number of interactions. Based on the content analysis, okdiario.com can be related to the Polarized Pluralist Model defined by Hallin and Mancini (2004), and eldiario.es with the Democratic Corporatist Model, at least concerning news on Covid-19. The results obtained will be useful for people to decide which media outlet is more appropriate to address their information needs, at least in relation to the topic analyzed. Finally, the value and originality of this work lie in the extraction of keywords from the metatags of the news published by the media, considered as the basis of the content analysis. This technique can be used in future research to produce thematic media maps, as it is done in other fields such as bibliometrics and science mapping analysis.

Since its creation in 2004, Facebook has been one of the most stable social networks with the largest number of users around the world (Carballar, 2013). Its general and daily environment has allowed: companies, people, politicians, among others, have the opportunity to publicly display their information and be in contact with friends, family and colleagues. To provide a better experience and generate greater accessibility to its users and prosumers, Facebook has constantly evolved its interface, with the aim of having people as its main social network. The present essay makes a historical study of the changes that Facebook has made to its interface from its creation to the present.

The Covid-19 pandemic has introduced challenges throughout the world and is endangering people's prosperity. To these health, economic, political, and social challenges have been added those related to the management and dissemination of information, mainly concerning its exponential growth, veracity, and dissemination. Providing objective evidence-based information contributes to meeting these challenges. Social media and social networks are playing a key role in informing society about the evolution of the pandemic and progress towards its eradication. However, social networks are also a vehicle for the transmission of biased or false news that can endanger people's health. Information professionals play a key role in correcting misinformation if they are able to filter out untruthful information and make resources with proven quality available to the population. In addition, they must manage scientific information about the pandemic, which is advancing at an accelerated pace. Currently, China is the leader while Spain is in fifth place in the development of research projects and scientific publications. The scientific research focuses on epidemiological aspects, respiratory diseases, drug treatments, and diagnostic tests. Many journals, databases, repositories, and other information systems have made their publications and other information resources available in record time to encourage the progress of such research.

Information design and social progress: Prospective, perspective, and challenges. Information design is defined in two areas: journalistic information and domestic information. In this study the background and perspective of Information design are analyzed –paying special attention to those aspects that can improve society. Also, from the viewpoint of journalistic design, we focus on greater integration of visual language in news stories as a tool to add value to professional journalistic information. This commitment is framed by the need for professional and independent journalism to be valued by society as a fundamental actor in contemporary democracies. In domestic information design, we highlight the need to redesign, with criteria for clarity, responsibility, and transparency in documents such as contracts, invoices, and product labeling, giving priority to clear communication above commercial interests.

Electoral political communication in the digital age. The 2015 electoral campaign in Mexico City. With the arrival of the era of information society, there is an academic debate on the impact of ICTs in politics. This work explores a discussion of the conceptual and analytical framework for digital political communication in democracy, which is a starting point and then analyzes the use and presence of different political parties and coalitions on digital social networks during the campaign of 2015 in Mexico City and compares the electoral results of the main political groups, to reach conclusions on the results obtained in the framework of the theoretical discussion. Basic elements for the analysis of the digital context in election campaigns and the role of Information Technology and Communication, Internet, specifically digital media and online social networks are provided.

From the theoretical approach of Political Communication, this article studies the activity of the profiles of media actors (media, journalists and communicators) who participated in the discussions on Twitter during the last intermediate elections in Mexico in 2015. A quantitative analysis of the case was made from a methodological scheme called Top Discussion Indicator (Percastre-Mendizábal, Pont-Sorribes, Codina, 2017), which allowed obtaining a significant sample of the messages generated during the day of biggest level of interactions in the legal campaign period. As the main contributions to the field of study, this article analyzes the discursive interrelationships between one of the main classical actors of Political Communication (Wolton, 1989) in the space of digital social networks; in addition to the empirical application of a sample selection model of political discussions in a microblogging network such as Twitter.

Instagram and the spectacularization of political crises. The 5W of the digital image in the independence process in Catalonia. Instagram has become an important tool for the production and distribution of political images. Our objective is to analyze its strategic management in a context of political and institutional crisis. Based on our own model of content analysis, nine thematic and formal categories associated with the spectacularization of politics during the most intense phase of the independence process in Catalonia, between June 2017 and April 2018, have been reviewed. The sample includes 188 images published by the top 10 leaders of the Catalan and Spanish political map, both in votes of their parties and followers Instagram. The results show a regular political use characterized by intense personalization and orientation towards professional issues. In addition, a use of spectacular resources is detected, such as emotional appeal, the hybridization of spaces, and the experimentation with expressive filters.

In little over a decade, essential concepts in research on communication have become zombie concepts (Beck & Willms, 2004) and are no longer effective for understanding the profound transformation that has taken place with the arrival of the internet. Public sphere, deliberation, audiences, public., the academic literature has oscillated between an initial optimism about the potential for strengthening democracy of communication technologies to a critical scepticism. This text reviews the academic literature with regard to the forms of social deliberation adopted in the context of the media and social networks and its impact on the public sphere.

This paper presents an analysis of the existing literature on social networks in Ibero-America, with the objective of organizing the main topics covered, highlighting findings, and proposing future research paths. The four thematic areas that stand out are political communication and electronic government; journalism and traditional media; social groups (including adolescents and young people, those marginalized, women, entrepreneurs and influencers, students, and older adults) and areas of use (including commerce, tourism, education, health, professional communication); and political and civic participation. In addition, we review the literature from the perspective of the platforms (Twitter, Facebook, WhatsApp, Instagram, YouTube, and Snapchat) and from the geographical regions and countries that make up Ibero-America, to observe similarities and differences. We conclude with the mention and analysis of the two most outstanding patterns of the studies examined: 1) a tendency to expect from the networks a transformative potential that is not necessarily proven, especially in the case of political communication and journalism; 2) transformative capacity of networks in the areas of tourism, education and health, in which traditional media have not been characterized by having a prominent role. Finally, we propose some paths for future studies, among them the pursuit of comparative works, the incorporation of relational perspectives in the treatment of networks, the addition of mixed, experimental and computational methodologies, and the consideration, from the research design standpoint, of the acceleration of technological change and the need to generate questions and conceptualizations capable of surviving the passage of time.

Media and communications are changing rapidly and their transformation is having a momentous impact on the abilities of individuals to communicate and how society communicates within itself. Such changes are important because media convey ideas, opinions, information, social values, experiences, and entertainment and those are influenced by social, economic, and political forces in society. The changing nature of communication is especially important because media and communication platforms are increasingly the primary location in which contemporary identity, culture, and values and norms are manifested and contested.

This work is a presentation and discussion on methodological strategies for the survey of the digital electoral political communication. It is proposed a methodological route for tracking with the identification of minimal conceptual elements and of variables for the analysis of Twitter at elections.

Twitter because of its immediacy, horizontality and simplicity in the publication and dissemination of content has meant a change in the way in which the three actors of political communication (public, media and citizen actors) interact with each other. This change has occurred in all communicative areas, including those of great social impact such as communication in emergency situations. In the field of emergency communication on Twitter we present the analysis of a relevant case: the contagion of Ebola by nursing assistant Teresa Romero (October, 2014). The study was carried out by means of a mixed methodology and 1,088,749 tuits have been analyzed, a fact that in itself emphasizes the great magnitude and social relevance of this emergency in Spain. The conversation about the Ebola case was organized around the hashtags: #SalvemosaExcalibur and #AnaMatoDimision, mainly. This highlights the main themes on which the conversation surrounding the emergence on Twitter (political criticism, and the case of the dog sacrifice of Teresa Romero).