Suchergebnisse

Introduction / Brian J. Hracs, Roberta Comunian, Lauren England -- Promoting the Film Industry in Kenya: State Support versus Entrepreneurial Innovation / Robin Steedman -- Making a living through and for Visual Artists in East Africa / Andrew Burton, Lilian Nabulime, Robert Newbery, Paul Richter, Anthony Tibaingana, Andrea Wilkinson -- Financing Creative Industries in Kenya: Challenges, Opportunities and the Case of HEVA / Wakiuru Njunga, Roberta Comunian, Brian J. Hracs and Denderah Rickmers -- Creative Coworking in Nigeria: emerging trends, opportunities and future scenarios / Damilola Adegoke and Roberta Comunian -- Coworking, gender and development: The case of Tribe XX Lab / Lauren England, Emalohi Iruobe and Roberta Comunian -- Ahead of Policy? Creative Hubs in East African Cities / Ayeta Anne Wangusa, Roberta Comunian and Brian J. Hracs -- Rural Cultural and Creative Industry Clustering: The Sarah Baartman District, South Africa / Fiona Drummond and Jen Snowball -- The Cultural Centre of GugaS'thebe as a Transformative Creative Space / -- Irma Booyens, Ndipiwe Mkuzo and Marco Brent Morgan -- Conclusions / Lauren England, Brian J. Hracs and Roberta Comunian

The countless retellings and reimaginings of the private and public lives of Phillis Wheatley, Sally Hemings, Sarah Baartman, Mary Seacole, and Sarah Forbes Bonetta have transformed them into difficult cultural and black feminist icons. In Infamous Bodies, Samantha Pinto explores how histories of these black women and their ongoing fame generate new ways of imagining black feminist futures. Drawing on a variety of media, cultural, legal, and critical sources, Pinto shows how the narratives surrounding these eighteenth- and nineteenth-century celebrities shape key political concepts such as freedom, consent, contract, citizenship, and sovereignty. Whether analyzing Wheatley's fame in relation to conceptions of race and freedom, notions of consent in Hemings's relationship with Thomas Jefferson, or Baartman's ability to enter into legal contracts, Pinto reveals the centrality of race, gender, and sexuality in the formation of political rights. In so doing, she contends that feminist theories of black women's vulnerable embodiment can be the starting point for future progressive political projects

A dinâmica ocidental de civilização implica uma relação tensa entre corpo e mente, cultura e natureza, civilização e barbarismo. No ensaio que se segue, exploramos a construção deste último dualismo ao investigarmos os espaços nos quais certos corpos são definidos como monstruosos. Em particular, estamos interessados na constituição de uma visão científica de diferenças raciais, sua especificidade em relação à percepção medieval do lugar da alteridade, seu papel em legitimar a circulação de corpos 'monstruosos' como mercadorias e sua reivindicação de desvendar uma hierarquia objetiva de raças e gênero. De Lavater a Curvier, a classificação das espécies oferece um modelo hierárquico que será apropriado pelos discursos de raça e gênero na biologia. Nesse contexto, um caso pode ser considerado paradigmático: a 'Vênus Hotentote'. Argumentamos que a negociação política do status ontológico de Sara Baartman, durante os séculos XIX e XX, representa precisamente tal esforço para estabelecer as fronteiras de civilidade mediante a circulação e a exclusão de corpos incivilizados.

Volume entitled: Ten Years of Democratic South Africa. Transition Accomplished? edited by Aurelia Wa Kabwe-Segatti, Nicolas Péjout and Philippe Guillaume ; The return of Sarah Baartman's remains to South Africa in August 2002 has largely contributed to the reappearance of Khoesan identity claims and related issues. Illustrating the dynamics of identity crafting enabled by the end of apartheid, the new political consideration given to the Khoesan populations gives South Africa the opportunity to lay rather uncontentious historical foundations for the triple enterprise of reconciling the nation, establishing a collective memory and, in fi ne, hastening the building of a new nation. ; Le rapatriement des restes de Sarah Baartman vers l'Afrique du Sud en août 2002 a largement contribué à la réapparition des revendications identitaires Khoesan et de questions apparentées. Illustrant les dynamiques de bricolage identitaire rendues possibles par la fin de l'apartheid, le renouveau d'attention politique accordée aux populations Khoesan donne à l'Afrique du Sud une possibilité de creuser les fondements historiques consensuels d'une triple entreprise de réconciliation nationale, d'érection de la mémoire collective et, in fine, d'accélération de la construction nationale.

Volume entitled: Ten Years of Democratic South Africa. Transition Accomplished? edited by Aurelia Wa Kabwe-Segatti, Nicolas Péjout and Philippe Guillaume ; The return of Sarah Baartman's remains to South Africa in August 2002 has largely contributed to the reappearance of Khoesan identity claims and related issues. Illustrating the dynamics of identity crafting enabled by the end of apartheid, the new political consideration given to the Khoesan populations gives South Africa the opportunity to lay rather uncontentious historical foundations for the triple enterprise of reconciling the nation, establishing a collective memory and, in fi ne, hastening the building of a new nation. ; Le rapatriement des restes de Sarah Baartman vers l'Afrique du Sud en août 2002 a largement contribué à la réapparition des revendications identitaires Khoesan et de questions apparentées. Illustrant les dynamiques de bricolage identitaire rendues possibles par la fin de l'apartheid, le renouveau d'attention politique accordée aux populations Khoesan donne à l'Afrique du Sud une possibilité de creuser les fondements historiques consensuels d'une triple entreprise de réconciliation nationale, d'érection de la mémoire collective et, in fine, d'accélération de la construction nationale.

Arguing that the fundamental, familiar, sexual violence of slavery and racialized subjugation have continued to shape black and white subjectivities into the present, Christina Sharpe interprets African diasporic and Black Atlantic visual and literary texts that address those "monstrous intimacies" and their repetition as constitutive of post-slavery subjectivity. Her illuminating readings juxtapose Frederick Douglass's narrative of witnessing the brutal beating of his Aunt Hester with Essie Mae Washington-Williams's declaration of freedom in Dear Senator: A Memoir by the Daughter of Strom Thurmond, as well as the "generational genital fantasies" depicted in Gayl Jones's novel Corregidora with a firsthand account of such "monstrous intimacies" in the journals of an antebellum South Carolina senator, slaveholder, and vocal critic of miscegenation. Sharpe explores the South African–born writer Bessie Head's novel Maru—about race, power, and liberation in Botswana—in light of the history of the KhoiSan woman Saartje Baartman, who was displayed in Europe as the "Hottentot Venus" in the nineteenth century. Reading Isaac Julien's film The Attendant, Sharpe takes up issues of representation, slavery, and the sadomasochism of everyday black life. Her powerful meditation on intimacy, subjection, and subjectivity culminates in an analysis of Kara Walker's black silhouettes, and the critiques leveled against both the silhouettes and the artist

Acknowledgements -- Notes on contributors -- Introduction: Blackness and neo-Victorian studies: re-routing imaginations of the nineteenth century / Felipe Espinoza Garrido, Marlena Tronicke, and Julian Wacker -- PART 1 Black life writing and biofictions -- Confessions of a Black Ouidaite: autoethnographic neo-Victorianism / Jesse Ryan Erickson -- Black, Queer, Victorian? The precarious neo-Victorian afterlives of Prince Alemayehu / Susanne Gruss -- We need to talk about Sarah Baartman: Black bodies, white voices, and the politics of NeoVictorian authorship / Helen Davies -- A "natural tint": Red Velvet and the archive of Black Victorian theatre / Marlena Tronicke -- PART 2 Black Victorians on screen: politics, ethics, protests -- "For all the blood we share, for all the miles we have walked... we are not the same": revealing an intolerant past in Showtime's Penny dreadful / U. Melissa Anyiwo -- Three Lady Macbeths and a critique of imperialism / Antonija Primoracvi -- The Birth of a nation, transatlantic encounters, and African Americans as 'global' neo-Victorians / Lewis Mondal -- PART 3 Material remains, refashionings, and reconstructions -- The Black dandy and neo-Victorianism: re-fashioning a stereotype / Maria Weilandt -- Steamfunk: remembering Black futures in Nisi Shawl's Everfair / Judith Rahn and Iolanda Ramos -- Country houses, slavery and the Victorians: reinterpreting heritage sites / Corinne Fowler -- Afterwod: Beyond Bridgerton: Blackness and neo-Victoriana / Jennifer DeVere Brody -- Index.

This article analyses three cases of repatriation of human remains by French public museums in order to critically examine the difficulties in the changing institutional practice. It critically ssesses the statutory and administrative processes that have been used to repatriate human remains and identifies the difficulties that have been and are mostly still encountered. Firstly, it evaluates the public/private conundrum of ownership of human remains in French law, which explains why Parliament had to intervene to facilitate the repatriation of remains in public museum collections, whereas a private society could repatriate the skulls of chief Ataï and his doctor to New Caledonia without legal difficulties. Secondly, it reviews the need for parliamentary intervention for the repatriation of the remains of Saartjie Baartman to South Africa and several Mokomokai to New Zealand. Finally, it criticizes the administrative deadlock that has prevented the development of a repatriation practice that could have b en established after the successful repatriation of the remains of Vamaica Peru to Uruguay. Unfortunately, the process has remained opaque and ineffective, owing to a variety of factors; in particular the ambiguity regarding the role of the Commission scientifique nationale des collections, which is set to be abolished and whose role will be undertaken by the Haut conseil des Musées de France, and a lack of political, financial, and structural support from the Ministry of Culture. Until these shortcomings are addressed and clear criteria for repatriation are drawn up, it is unlikely that France will develop a coherent, transparent, and effective process for the repatriation of human remains.

This thesis – written in co-authorship with Tanzanian activist Mnyaka Sururu Mboro – examines different cases of repatriation of ancestral remains to African countries and communities through the prism of postcolonial memory studies. It follows the theft and displacement of prominent ancestors from East and Southern Africa (Sarah Baartman, Dawid Stuurman, Mtwa Mkwawa, Songea Mbano, King Hintsa and the victims of the Ovaherero and Nama genocides) and argues that efforts made for the repatriation of their remains have contributed to a transnational remembrance of colonial violence. Drawing from cultural studies theories such as "multidirectional memory", "rehumanisation" and "necropolitics", the thesis argues for a new conceptualisation or "re-membrance" in repatriation, through processes of reunion, empowerment, story-telling and belonging. Besides, the afterlives of the dead ancestors, who stand at the centre of political debates on justice and reparations, remind of their past struggles against colonial oppression. They are therefore "memento vita", fostering counter-discourses that recognize them as people and stories. This manuscript is accompanied by a "(web)site of memory" where some of the research findings are made available to a wider audience. This blog also hosts important sound material which appears in the thesis as interventions by external contributors. Through QR codes, both the written and the digital version are linked with each other to problematize the idea of a written monograph and bring a polyphonic perspective to those diverse, yet connected, histories. ; Diese Studie untersucht Erinnerungskulturen während und nach der Rückführung menschlicher Überreste zu afrikanischen Gemeinschaften und Ländern. An der Schnittstelle von memory studies, postkolonialer Ethnographie und kritischer Museumsforschung zeigt diese Arbeit, wie die Rückführung von Überresten ehemaliger Widerstandskämpfer*innen und namenloser Vorfahren in ihre Gesellschaften gegen das Fortbestehen kolonialer Ungerechtigkeit angeht. In diesen Prozessen – von Rückgabeforderungen bis nach der Wiederbestattung der Überreste – intervenieren Nachfahren von Opfern, community leaders, Künstler*innen und Medien. Sie ermöglichen dadurch eine transnationale Auseinandersetzung mit der Geschichte der antikolonialen Bewegungen und der Rassenanthropologie. Durch Methoden der partizipativen Ethnographie zeigt die Arbeit auf, wie Überlieferung, Gedenkstätten, lokale Kulturprojekte, Theater, Film und Reportagen die Tatorte erneut aufgreifen und die zuvor von der Anthropologie objektifizierten Überreste "rehumanisieren" (Rassool), mit anderen Worten, ihnen ihre menschliche Würde zurückgeben. Doch auch die sog. "afterlives" der Opfer, deren Überreste so lange in Museen und Universitätssammlungen lagen, haben zu wichtigen Diskussionen über postkoloniale Gerechtigkeit, Museumsethik und transnationale Erinnerung geführt. Sollen sie in Gewahrsam einer staatlichen Institution oder an einem von den Nachkommen der Opfer gewählten Ort begraben werden? Was bedeuten diese zurückgeführten Vorfahren in dem gegenwärtigen Kampf um Anerkennung kolonialer Gewalt und Genozids, aber auch um Entschuldigung und Wiedergutmachung? Und wie sind diese Rückgabeprozesse (auch "Repatriierung" genannt) generell in Narrative der kolonialen Vergangenheit eingebettet, wie zu verstehen im Kontext ihrer körperlichen und diskursiven Gewalt? All diese Fragen werden hier in Fallstudien und von unterschiedlichen Perspektiven aufgegriffen: die Geschichte des Kopfs und des Zahns vom Mhehe antikolonialen Mtwa Mkwawa (Tansania); die Rückkehr von Sarah Baartman von Frankreich nach Südafrika; der Geist von Dawid Stuurman, der 2017 von Australien zurück nach Südafrika begleitet wurde; die verschiedene Repatriierungen von Ovaherero and Nama Ahnen von Deutschland nach Namibia zwischen 2011 und 2018; der Fall von Xhosa König Hintsa, dessen Kopf angeblich in Großbritannien verschleppt wurde; und die Abwesenheit vom Kopf des Ngoni Nduna Songea Mbano, der während des Majimaji Kriegs von den Deutschen ermordet wurde. Die Körper und Geister dieser Toten sind ein heterogener Korpus. Dennoch drehen sich alle Fallstudien dieser Arbeit um zwei entscheidende Fragen: Erstens, wer hat die Deutungshoheit über die Geschichte der kolonialen Gewalt? Welche Erinnerung der Totenbleibt? Zweitens, was sind angemessene Entschädigungen für Mord, Völkermord, koloniale Unterdrückung und Ausbeutung? Als Beitrag im Feld der memory studies argumentiert diese Arbeit für ein erweitertes Verständnis der "remembrance" (übersetzt als Erinnerung aber auch "Zusammenbringen der Körperteile"). In diesen materiellen und immateriellen Prozessen, wird wiedervereint, was durch jahrzehntelange physische und epistemische Gewalt gebrochen, beschädigt oder getrennt wurde: einerseits Knochen, Zähne und Körper, und andererseits Familien wieder zu vereinen, Subjektpositionen zu reparieren, Würde wiederherzustellen und Ansprüche auf Selbstbestimmung und Selbsterzählung zu erheben. Die Arbeit zeigt, dass bilaterale und transnationale politische und kulturelle Projekte die Geschichten der Toten "multidirektional" erzählen (Rothberg), nämlich in Beziehung zueinander. Sie untersucht auch, in welchen Kontexten die Vergangenheit nicht mehr als Last, sondern als Werkzeug zum Verständnis und zur Heilung der Wunden angesehen wird. Es sind Trittsteine für Wege der Versöhnung und mögliche Wiedergutmachung, die auf Trauer, Anerkennung und Sühne, aber auch Zusammenarbeit ausgerichtet sind. Dank Repatriierungen können Nachfahren und communities endlich eine Geschichte(n) erzählen, die auf mehr als nur Verlust und Abwesenheit aufbauen. Das Buch hat zwei Autoren und verschiedene Mitwirkende, die zusätzliche Perspektiven auf die Geschichten kolonialer Gewalt ermöglichen. Diese Polyphonie in der ethnographischen Arbeit bezieht sich auf Vincent Crapanzanos Technik der Juxtaposition und Alexander Weheliyes Argument für "fragmentarisches" Schreiben. Da lokale Akteur*innen zu dieser Wissensproduktion beigetragen haben, zielt die Arbeit auch darauf ab, sie sichtbar zu machen. Das Wissen, das diese ethnographische Forschung generiert hat, soll auch weiterhin verfügbar sein und an diejenigen zurückgegeben werden, die diese Forschung überhaupt erst ermöglicht haben. Deswegen führen eingebettete QR-Codes zu den Audioquellen der vielfältigen Interventionen von Nachfahren und Gemeinschaftsmitgliedern. Diese Quellen sind Teil einer größeren Website, ein digitales Gegenstück zu dem Manuskript. Über die Website werden Kontexte kolonialer Gewalt öffentlich zugänglich gemacht. In dieser digitalen Ausstellung ist das Sprachregister an ein nicht-akademisches Publikum angepasst. Darüber hinaus bietet die Website Übersetzungen einiger Forschungsergebnisse in relevante afrikanische Sprachen an.

This study was triggered by global concerns about poor early childhood development (ECD) policy implementation. A similar situation existed in South Africa in respect of the implementation of the National Integrated Early Childhood Development (NIECD) policy. This study was undertaken to examine the realisation of the short-term goals of the NIECD policy in the Eastern Cape province, South Africa. Through this study, the researcher hoped to propose an appropriate framework that can be adopted by the Eastern Cape provincial government to realise the short-term goals. A qualitative study was undertaken using the purposive sampling method to identify managers who are knowledgeable on ECD in the three lead departments (DSD, DOH, DBE) at provincial, district, and local levels. Twelve participants (N=12) were identified: three ECD directors from the provincial departments, three district ECD managers from each municipal district, namely, OR Tambo, Sarah Baartman and Buffalo City. Semi-structured interviews based on the study objectives were carried out on the ECD directors from the provincial departments. Three focus group interviews were carried out on the district ECD managers from each municipal district, also based on the study objectives. Each interview was transcribed verbatim by the researcher. Interviewees were coded to ensure confidentiality. The four study objectives were used as themes for data analysis. The findings of the study showed a poor understanding of the NIECD policy at the district level and a lack of a provincial multisectoral implementation strategy. Staff shortage, lack of multisectoral ECD coordination, fragmentation of ECD services, high numbers of unregistered ECD centres and inadequate ECD funding were the main barriers to policy implementation. The study recommends that the Eastern Cape provincial government uses systems theory to develop its provincial ECD implementation strategy. The framework of the ECD strategy should focus on the inputs, processes, outputs, and feedback process map. ...

In early nineteenth-century Britain, Parliament decided that it must legislate on the problem of grave-robbing and the dearth of dissection subjects for anatomy training. After several failed bills, Parliament passed the Anatomy Act in 1832, which allowed unclaimed bodies in workhouses, prisons, and hospitals to be sold to medical schools for dissection. In this dissertation, I argue that because of the history of dissection in Britain, this Act negatively affected the emotional consciousness of the population by coupling poverty with criminality. I display illustrations created for anatomy textbooks by Andrea Vesalius and William Hunter as well as illustrations of African women such as Sarah Baartman in order to prove that images such as these contributed to the public's awareness of the vulnerability of their own bodies. These images influenced the way people reacted to the passing of the Anatomy Act depending on the individual's socioeconomic class. Literature also contributed to the way people responded to the Act and I analyze Mary Shelley's Frankenstein to show how literature affected people's self-consciousness about their bodies. I posit that Shelley's novel impacted people's understanding of medicine and therefore affected their reactions to governmental regulations such as the Anatomy Act. I then showcase paintings, photographs, and a fictional story produced after the Anatomy Act to show how bodies became objectified and degraded during the Victorian Period. I also point out ways that the subjects resisted this appropriation through the use of their body parts. Finally, I investigate how themes and topics that were important in the nineteenth-century are recreated in present day. I provide a reading of the movie Alien : Resurrection to prove that an irresponsible use of science and government regulation still creates fear and anxiety in the public and that repatriation of bodies are a cathartic ending to both nineteenth and twentieth-century stories

Part I: Introduction 17. - 1. Ethnicity, Inc. and a practice theory of identity politics 35. - 1.1 Ethnicity, Inc.: the incorporation of identity and the commodification of culture 35. - 1.2 The analysis of identity and identity politics 43. - 1.3 Praxeology: towards a practice theory of identity politics 47. - 1.4 Ethnicity, Inc. from a praxeological perspective 59. - 1.5 The role of theory: interlocking the theoretical and the empirical 60. - 2. Reflections on methods: towards a critical realist multisided ethnography 63. - 2.1 Accessing the field 63. - 2.2 Reflecting upon ethnography 67. - 2.3 Critical realist ethnography 68. - 2.4 Multi-sited ethnography 70. - 2.5 The ethnographic toolbox 73. - 2.6 Relationships during fieldwork 78. - 3. Griqua histories: struggles for land, autonomy and identity 89. - 3.1 Khoekhoe history 91. - 3.2 The emergence of Griqua people 96. - 3.3 A. A. S. le Fleur I and the emergence of a new Griqua movement 108. - 3.4 The legacy of A. A. S. le Fleur I and the apartheid era 116. - 3.5 Conclusion 122. - Part II: the field of Khoe-San identity politics. - 4. Post-apartheid Khoe-San identity politics 131. - 4.1 Khoe-San people and post-apartheid transformation 132. - 4.2 Khoe-San revivalism 135. - 4.3 Government accomodation of Khoe-San people 137. - 4.4 The emergence of the field of Khoe-San identity politics 139. - 5. The Griqua National Conference 141. - 5.1 Organizational structure 141. - 5.2 Perceptions and practices of culture and identity among GNC Griqua 144. - 5.3 The GNC and other Griqua groupings 150. - 5.4 Conclusion 154. - 6. The GNC and the field of identity politics 157. - 6.1 Indigenous activism at the United Nations 157. - 6.2 A case of Khoe-San regional politics and diplomacy 165. - 6.3 Khoekhoeness and the legacy of Sara Baartman 172. - 6.4 Academic allies 178. - 6.5 Conclusion 183. - Part III: struggles for land and the emergence of Griqua, Inc. - 7. Between cooperation and autonomy: the Bethany land restitution claim

The study examines the relationship between demarcation of municipal boundaries and the capacity of a municipality to deliver services. The case of the amalgamation of Baviaans, Camdeboo, and Ikwezi local municipalities which has led to the establishment of the Dr Beyers Naudè Municipality in the Sara Baartman District Municipality in the Eastern Cape has been used to determine this relationship in this study. The amalgamation of these municipalities has led to the redetermination and dismantling of their boundaries and the establishment of the boundaries of the newly created and larger Dr Beyers Naudè Local Municipality. The study investigated whether the demarcation of municipal boundaries has, in this instance, enhanced the capacity of the municipality to deliver basic services. Organisational Theory was used to interpret the amalgamation of municipalities. This theory was used for the theoretical basis of organisational structure and highlighting the need for the alignment of organizational structure with the municipalities' mandate, of effective and efficient service delivery. The study adopted a qualitative research method and employed a non-probability purposive sampling technique to select participants. Interviews were used for data collection. 38 participants were interviewed, namely 7 councillors, 5 municipal officials, 5 members of the ratepayers' association and 21 members of the community. Mixed views were expressed by participants regarding the enhancement of the state on basic service delivery after the merger of the three local municipalities. Furthermore, the study did not find evidence of a feasibility study prior to the implementation of the amalgamation process. Subsequently, the study could not find conclusive evidence relating to the enhancement of the capacity of the municipality to deliver services after the redetermination of municipal boundaries. The study recommends, among others, that the demarcation of municipal boundaries should be preceded by an appropriate feasibility study and be done such that there is compliance with the relevant legislation, and it must also have an effective public participation. The study also recommends that the newly established Dr Beyers Naudè Local Municipality should focus on maintaining the service delivery infrastructure it has inherited from the merger of its three predecessor municipalities, enhance public participation in its programmes, and priorities community beneficiation as a critical aspect of its service delivery mandate. ; Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Humanities, School of Governmental and Social Sciences, 2021

Gaze Regimes is a bricolage of essays and interviews showcasing the experiences of women working in film, either directly as practitioners or in other areas such as curators, festival programme directors or fundraisers. It does not shy away from questioning the relations of power in the practice of filmmaking and the power invested in the gaze itself. Who is looking and who is being looked at, who is telling women's stories in Africa and what governs the mechanics of making those films on the continent? The interviews with film practitioners such as Tsitsi Dangarembga, Taghreed Elsanhouri, Jihan El-Tahri, Anita Khanna, Isabel Noronhe, Arya Lalloo and Shannon Walsh demonstrate the contradictory points of departure of women in film – from their understanding of feminisms in relation to lived-experiences and the realpolitik of women working as cultural practitioners. ; Katharina von Ruckteschell: Foreword Jyoti Mistry and Antje Schuhmann: Introduction: By Way of Context and Content Beti Ellerson: African Women in Cinema: An overview Ines Kappert: 'I am a feminist only in secret'. Interview with Taghreed Elsanhouri and Christina von Braun Christina von Braun: Staged Authenticity: Femininity in photography and film Jyoti Mistry and Antje Schuhmann: 'Power is in your own hands': Why Jihan El-Tahri does not like movements. Interview with Jihan El-Tahri Antje Schuhmann and Jyoti Mistry: Aftermath – A focus on collective trauma. Interview with Djo Tunda wa Munga and Rumbi Katedza Antje Schuhmann: Shooting Violence and Trauma: Traversing visual and social topographies in Zanele Muholi's work Antje Schuhmann and Jyoti Mistry: PUK NINI – A Filmic Instruction in Seduction: Exploring class and sexuality in gender relations Nobunye Levin: I am Saartjie Baartman Jyoti Mistry: Filmmaking at the Margins of a Community: On co-producing ELELWANI Jyoti Mistry: On Collective Practice and Collected Reflections. Interview with Shannon Walsh and Arya Lalloo Max Annas and Henriette Gunkel: 'Cinema of resistance'. Interview with Isabel Noronha Anita Khanna: Dark and Personal Antje Schuhmann and Jyoti Mistry: 'Change? This might mean to shove a few men out'. Interview with Anita Khanna Katarina Hedrén: Barakat! means Enough! Jyoti Mistry and Antje Schuhmann: 'Women, use the gaze to change reality'. Interview with Katarina Hedrén Dorothee Wenner: Post-colonial Film Collaboration and Festival Politics Jyoti Mistry and Antje Schuhmann: Tsitsi Dangarembga: A Manifesto. Interview with Tsitsi Dangarembga

This enquiry investigates the entanglement of the Natural History and Ethnographic museums in the construction of racist ideologies, the perpetuation of colonial reasoning and its continuities in South Africa today. It draws our attention to the fact that the museological institution was complicit and colluded in the perpetuation of colonial "crimes against humanity", thereby rendering its own institutionality a colonial "crime scene" that requires rigorous "de-colonial" investigation in the "post-colonial" era. In the attempt to shed more light into the miasma caused by colonial and apartheid rule, I turn to the practices of 'scientific enquiry' and public exhibitions to advance an argument that these museum exhibits were a precursor to genocide. The study further argues that, these public exhibits of Africans were instrumental in popularizing theories of racial ideology and white 'supremacy', dehumanizing Africans and thereby creating public justification for colonial dispossession of Africans. To support my argument I discuss the underpining politics that informed the making and dismantling of the South African Museum's "Bushman" diorama. Further to the discussion about dioramas, human zoos and other forms of racializing spectacles, I make reference to the haunting narratives of the African Diasporas to provide context and perspective. These African individuals are: Sarah Baartman ('The Hottentot Venus') and El Negro 'object 1004' and then Ota Benga, the "Congolese Pygmy", who was displayed with an orangutan at the Bronx Zoo in America in 1906, and labelled "the Missing Link". Part of my attempt to understand the story of Benga, I set on a journey to track him to the United States (US). To point out and expose these human wrongs I incorporate and discuss images of decapitated heads, prepared skulls and images of emaciated Africans, not to reproduce colonial traumas, but to unveil the gravity of the violence that was emitted against those who were deemed 'lesser' beings, namely the black Africans and KhoiSan in particular. The colonial museum collected these human remains for race 'science' under politically motivated circumstances to feed to the idea that black 'inferiority' and white 'superiority' as a new global socio-political order. The evidence of diverse materials (photographs, manuscript letters etc) that I have used here point to the toxic collusion between the colonial administration and the museological institution in the perpetuation of racial violence in South Africa. The contribution among many other contributions of this study is the interrogation of these colonial traces in the museological institution and the proposal of a decolonial project framed in the form of a Museum Truth, Repatriation and Restitution Commission (#MuseumTRRC). The MuseumTRRC as both a socio-political and museological tool sharply invokes the interplay between the construction of race and the establishment of the colonial museum in a way that helps us understand how the museological institution influenced laws of racial separation that South Africa's apartheid past was built on. The MuseumTRRC is presented as the sine qua non in the framing of the 'new museum' of the future. In a nutshell, the study presents to us new ways of seeing museums and their sociological impact of their collections on people's lives today. It presents what I term in this thesis as 'museumorphosis', a process of radical epistemological shift that should take place in the museum in order for the museological institution to effectively respond to the sensibilities of the 21st Century and beyond.