The restoration of Portugal has been one of the most relevant objects of Iberian historiographical studies in the last decades. The study of the events related by the Neapolitan Capuchin Fra' Bonaventura d'Alessano reconstructs the internal problems of John IV of Bragança and the court of Lisbon and the limits that the reason of State focused on the missionary projection of the Holy See – through Propaganda Fide and the help given by Philip IV of Habsburg in Madrid– in the African continent, being a prologue to Catholic confessional activity in southern Africa and its consolidation despite the Dutch monopoly of the WIC in Angolan and Congolese spaces ; Questo saggio fa parte del progetto Reloj de Indias: la proyección europea en el Atlántico, 1665- 1700 (SI1/PJI/2019-00270), concesso dalla Comunidad de Madrid e l'Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (ricercatrice principale: Cristina Bravo Lozano; membro ricercatore: Roberto Quirós Rosado). Anche, è risultato del progetto FAILURE: Reversing the Genealogies of Unsuccess, 16th-19th Centuries [H2020-MSCA-RISE, Grant agreement: 823998] nel suo WP4. "Unsuccessful polities, from empire to nations, and international relationships" (membri ricercatori: Cristina Bravo Lozano e Roberto Quirós Rosado)
The political investors in the regional head election in Indonesia are an interesting phenomenon to be studied, as not all candidates for regional head, whether governors, regents, or mayors, have the capital to financially support their candidacy. Meanwhile, the nomination fee from has been increasing. For instance, in one of the regencies in Indonesia, the cost has reached 30 billion rupiah. This provides opportunities for regional head candidates to be financed by other people or business groups, known as political investors. This research was conducted to determine the extended role of political investors in regional head elections. This descriptive qualitative research collected data through in-depth interviews and observations as well as online and paper documents. The results showed that political investors play an essential role in enabling regional head candidates to win, and that they in turn benefited from the elections.
The political investors in the regional head election in Indonesia are an interesting phenomenon to be studied, as not all candidates for regional head, whether governors, regents, or mayors, have the capital to financially support their candidacy. Meanwhile, the nomination fee from has been increasing. For instance, in one of the regencies in Indonesia, the cost has reached 30 billion rupiah. This provides opportunities for regional head candidates to be financed by other people or business groups, known as political investors. This research was conducted to determine the extended role of political investors in regional head elections. This descriptive qualitative research collected data through in-depth interviews and observations as well as online and paper documents. The results showed that political investors play an essential role in enabling regional head candidates to win, and that they in turn benefited from the elections.
This study aims to describe, analyze, and interpret the process of organizing the Long Amulet Ceremony at the Kasepuhan Palace in Cirebon and describe, analyze, and interpret the meaning of the Long Amulet Ceremony according to the people who support the adat Keraton Kasepuhan Cirebon. With a qualitative-ethnographic approach, this study seeks to describe, analyze, and interpret the same pattern of values, behavior, beliefs, and language of a group of the same culture which is the result of the researcher's construction of various information obtained during field research based on on a research focus. For this reason, the data collection process is carried out through participatory observation techniques, open interviews, and documentation. The data obtained were then analyzed through ethnographic procedures developed by Wolcott (1990), based on Cultural Theory and other relevant supporting theories. Based on this, the researchers conclude: first, that the process of organizing the Long Amulet Ceremony at the Kasepuhan Palace in Cirebon was motivated by a long history of celebrating the birth of the Prophet Muhammad SAW which was carried out from the time of Sunan Gunung Jati to the present palace; which is managed by a committee system that involves elements outside the palace; presented through various series of activities that are packaged in an attractive manner; carried out by the sultan as customary holders, the mosques as holders of religious authority, sentana wargi, nayaka, kemantren, and court women; which is carried out in "holy" places and other places that are "considered holy"; which is supported by the community from among the "palace relatives", "abdi dalem", "invited guests", "visitors", and "travelers". Second, that the activities of the Long Amulet Ceremony are interpreted differently by the supporting community; for the "palace relatives" and "abdi dalem", the ceremony is interpreted as a momentum to strengthen the spirit of monotheism and the example of the Prophet Muhammad; for the "invited guests", the ceremony is more interpreted as a momentum of practical business and political communication; for the "visitors", the ceremony is only interpreted as a momentum to memorize blessings (to pick up blessings); and for the "traveler", the ceremony is only meant as a means of fun and impressive entertainment. which is supported by the community from among the "palace relatives", "abdi dalem", "invited guests", "visitors", and "travelers". Second, that the activities of the Long Amulet Ceremony are interpreted differently by the supporting community; for the "palace relatives" and "abdi dalem", the ceremony is interpreted as a momentum to strengthen the spirit of monotheism and the example of the Prophet Muhammad; for the "invited guests", the ceremony is more interpreted as a momentum of practical business and political communication; for the "visitors", the ceremony is only interpreted as a momentum to memorize blessings (to pick up blessings); and for the "traveler", the ceremony is only meant as a means of fun and impressive entertainment. which is supported by the community from among the "palace relatives", "abdi dalem", "invited guests", "visitors", and "travelers". Second, that the activities of the Long Amulet Ceremony are interpreted differently by the supporting community; for the "palace relatives" and "abdi dalem", the ceremony is interpreted as a momentum to strengthen the spirit of monotheism and the example of the Prophet Muhammad; for the "invited guests", the ceremony is more interpreted as a momentum of practical business and political communication; for the "visitors", the ceremony is only interpreted as a momentum to memorize blessings (to pick up blessings); and for the "traveler", the ceremony is only meant as a means of fun and impressive entertainment. that the activities of the Long Amulet Ceremony are interpreted differently by the supporting community; for the "palace relatives" and "abdi dalem", the ceremony is interpreted as a momentum to strengthen the spirit of monotheism and the example of the Prophet Muhammad; for the "invited guests", the ceremony is more interpreted as a momentum of practical business and political communication; for the "visitors", the ceremony is only interpreted as a momentum to memorize blessings (to pick up blessings); and for the "traveler", the ceremony is only meant as a means of fun and impressive entertainment. that the activities of the Long Amulet Ceremony are interpreted differently by the supporting community; for the "palace relatives" and "abdi dalem", the ceremony is interpreted as a momentum to strengthen the spirit of monotheism and the example of the Prophet Muhammad; for the "invited guests", the ceremony is more interpreted as a momentum of practical business and political communication; for the "visitors", the ceremony is only interpreted as a momentum to memorize blessings (to pick up blessings); and for the "traveler", the ceremony is only meant as a means of fun and impressive entertainment. for the "visitors", the ceremony is only interpreted as a momentum to memorize blessings (to pick up blessings); and for the "traveler", the ceremony is only meant as a means of fun and impressive entertainment. for the "visitors", the ceremony is only interpreted as a momentum to memorize blessings (to pick up blessings); and for the "traveler", the ceremony is only meant as a means of fun and impressive entertainment.
This study aims to describe, analyze, and interpret the process of organizing the Long Amulet Ceremony at the Kasepuhan Palace in Cirebon and describe, analyze, and interpret the meaning of the Long Amulet Ceremony according to the people who support the adat Keraton Kasepuhan Cirebon. With a qualitative-ethnographic approach, this study seeks to describe, analyze, and interpret the same pattern of values, behavior, beliefs, and language of a group of the same culture which is the result of the researcher's construction of various information obtained during field research based on on a research focus. For this reason, the data collection process is carried out through participatory observation techniques, open interviews, and documentation. The data obtained were then analyzed through ethnographic procedures developed by Wolcott (1990), based on Cultural Theory and other relevant supporting theories. Based on this, the researchers conclude: first, that the process of organizing the Long Amulet Ceremony at the Kasepuhan Palace in Cirebon was motivated by a long history of celebrating the birth of the Prophet Muhammad SAW which was carried out from the time of Sunan Gunung Jati to the present palace; which is managed by a committee system that involves elements outside the palace; presented through various series of activities that are packaged in an attractive manner; carried out by the sultan as customary holders, the mosques as holders of religious authority, sentana wargi, nayaka, kemantren, and court women; which is carried out in "holy" places and other places that are "considered holy"; which is supported by the community from among the "palace relatives", "abdi dalem", "invited guests", "visitors", and "travelers". Second, that the activities of the Long Amulet Ceremony are interpreted differently by the supporting community; for the "palace relatives" and "abdi dalem", the ceremony is interpreted as a momentum to strengthen the spirit of monotheism and the example of the Prophet Muhammad; for the "invited guests", the ceremony is more interpreted as a momentum of practical business and political communication; for the "visitors", the ceremony is only interpreted as a momentum to memorize blessings (to pick up blessings); and for the "traveler", the ceremony is only meant as a means of fun and impressive entertainment. which is supported by the community from among the "palace relatives", "abdi dalem", "invited guests", "visitors", and "travelers". Second, that the activities of the Long Amulet Ceremony are interpreted differently by the supporting community; for the "palace relatives" and "abdi dalem", the ceremony is interpreted as a momentum to strengthen the spirit of monotheism and the example of the Prophet Muhammad; for the "invited guests", the ceremony is more interpreted as a momentum of practical business and political communication; for the "visitors", the ceremony is only interpreted as a momentum to memorize blessings (to pick up blessings); and for the "traveler", the ceremony is only meant as a means of fun and impressive entertainment. which is supported by the community from among the "palace relatives", "abdi dalem", "invited guests", "visitors", and "travelers". Second, that the activities of the Long Amulet Ceremony are interpreted differently by the supporting community; for the "palace relatives" and "abdi dalem", the ceremony is interpreted as a momentum to strengthen the spirit of monotheism and the example of the Prophet Muhammad; for the "invited guests", the ceremony is more interpreted as a momentum of practical business and political communication; for the "visitors", the ceremony is only interpreted as a momentum to memorize blessings (to pick up blessings); and for the "traveler", the ceremony is only meant as a means of fun and impressive entertainment. that the activities of the Long Amulet Ceremony are interpreted differently by the supporting community; for the "palace relatives" and "abdi dalem", the ceremony is interpreted as a momentum to strengthen the spirit of monotheism and the example of the Prophet Muhammad; for the "invited guests", the ceremony is more interpreted as a momentum of practical business and political communication; for the "visitors", the ceremony is only interpreted as a momentum to memorize blessings (to pick up blessings); and for the "traveler", the ceremony is only meant as a means of fun and impressive entertainment. that the activities of the Long Amulet Ceremony are interpreted differently by the supporting community; for the "palace relatives" and "abdi dalem", the ceremony is interpreted as a momentum to strengthen the spirit of monotheism and the example of the Prophet Muhammad; for the "invited guests", the ceremony is more interpreted as a momentum of practical business and political communication; for the "visitors", the ceremony is only interpreted as a momentum to memorize blessings (to pick up blessings); and for the "traveler", the ceremony is only meant as a means of fun and impressive entertainment. for the "visitors", the ceremony is only interpreted as a momentum to memorize blessings (to pick up blessings); and for the "traveler", the ceremony is only meant as a means of fun and impressive entertainment. for the "visitors", the ceremony is only interpreted as a momentum to memorize blessings (to pick up blessings); and for the "traveler", the ceremony is only meant as a means of fun and impressive entertainment.
The concept of gender equality which is echoed as one of the indicators of development success has encouraged the emergence of various issues regarding the meaning of gender equality for development progress. One of them is the issue of linking gender equality with the good state administration, a concept that was later labeled good governance. This progress has been driven, among other things, by the success of development activities that put women "in the middle". This background has moved the World Bank to conduct specific research that will link the quality of good governance with development where gender is placed at the core. The results of the World Bank research in 2000 related to gender can conclude that countries that have a high degree of gender equality, Relatives have a high level of progress in life or prosperity. Based on the phenomenon above, the research problem can be formulated as follows: What is the perception of female ASN in administrator positions (echelon III) towards JPTP structural positions (echelon II)? and What factors are behind the perception of female ASN administrator positions (echelon III) towards JPTP structural positions (echelon II)? The theory used in this research is the theory of perception, understanding of gender, and relevant social theories. And there are several concepts, namely the concept of assessment and competence, the phenomenological approach, the concept of local government, and the concept of structural positions. This research is descriptive qualitative, where qualitative research methods are research methods used to examine the condition of natural objects, researchers are the key instrument, the technique of collecting data is triangulation (combined), data analysis is inductive and the results of qualitative research emphasize meaning rather than generalization. This research can produce 15 findings and several minor propositions so that the major propositions can be formulated as follows: Fear and insecurity overshadows the perception of female ASN to be involved in the kingdom of government officials as a modern organization where there is a mix of professional and political authority in making decisions, especially services public because the power of officials determines all matters related to their position.
This study is trying to find the answers of these: First: how is the implementation marriage or Rujuk cost policy based on Government Regulation No. 19 the Year 2015 On the Religious Affairs Office of the Sukun District of Malang City? Second, are there any factors that support and hinder costs policy implementation marriage or Rujuk to the Religious Affairs Office of the Sukun District of Malang City? The study was conducted using qualitative methods were tried to illustrate the full range of variables. Researchers utilize the resources documents, observation, and interviews so that they can build a comprehensive presentation for analysis. Data analysis is done by using the Interactive Method (Miles and Huberman) which includes: data collection, data presentation, and data reduction. These activities are carried out simultaneously, over and over again until it reaches saturation point. Data were taken from the Office of Religious Affairs of the Sukun District of Malang City as a unit in charge of technical affairs in marriage or Rujuk. This research found that as a policy implementer of Marriage or Rujuk costs has mapped the implementation of sound policies, furthermore it designs to implement the policy procedures cost. This study recommends the need for an increase in the means of socialization to the lower levels of society through public service advertisements on national television so that the public knows the regulations that exist in the Ministry of Religion, especially regarding marriage or reconciliation.
Resumo: Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar a participação de mulheres no campo médico paulista entre os anos de 1898 e 1930. Para tanto, foram analisados os dois periódicos médicos de maior circulação nesse período: a Revista Médica de São Paulo e os Anais Paulistas de Medicina e Cirurgia. Partindo da análise das fontes, buscou-se refletir de que maneira foram estabelecidas relações entre os discursos sobre gênero, política e ciência na imprensa médica paulista. Nesse sentido, buscamos discutir a inserção profissional das médicas em áreas que, inicialmente, se mostrariam mais permeáveis à presença de mulheres, tais como a benemerência, além da ginecologia, obstetrícia e pediatria. Analisamos também o uso estratégico do recurso ao laboratório - e sua aparente neutralidade - no momento em que essas profissionais tentaram adentrar outras áreas e defrontar os tabus vinculados ao contanto com corpos masculinos.
Policies and strategies in the field of education that have been carried out by the East Kutai Regency Government in developing and providing educational services through programs, one of the programs is free education to tertiary institutions. The purpose of this study was to analyze and describe the management of STIPER as a free university, to analyze and describe the behavior and performance of lecturers as well as the behavior and quality of free STIPER Sangatta college students. In this study the authors used a descriptive research method with a qualitative approach. The results showed that the management at STIPER includes the management of existing resources within a higher education institution, namely students, funds and facilities, administrative management, management of higher education institutions. To improve the quality of the lecturers, doctoral study assignments are carried out for lecturers according to their scientific fields, participating in various trainings, seminars and workshops funded by STIPER Sangatta. The quality of STIPER Very graduate students, most of whom work as civil servants / ASN in East Kutai Regency, work in oil palm plantations, coal mining, oil and gas, private entrepreneurs and as members of the legislature. STIPER Sangatta needs to make management efforts through the quality management approach of the STIPER Sangatta East Kutai college as a whole in the campus community. The quality of STIPER Very graduate students, most of whom work as civil servants / ASN in East Kutai Regency, work in oil palm plantations, coal mining, oil and gas, private entrepreneurs and as members of the legislature. STIPER Sangatta needs to make management efforts through the quality management approach of the STIPER Sangatta East Kutai college as a whole in the campus community. The quality of STIPER Very graduate students, most of whom work as civil servants / ASN in East Kutai Regency, work in oil palm plantations, coal mining, oil and gas, private entrepreneurs and as members of the legislature. STIPER Sangatta needs to make management efforts through the quality management approach of the STIPER Sangatta East Kutai college as a whole in the campus community.
Abstract For cooperation to be beneficial, cooperators should be able to differentiate individuals who are willing to cooperate from free-riders. In the absence of kin or of familiar individuals, phenotypic similarity (e.g. in terms of language) can be used as a cue of how likely two or more individuals are to behave similarly (whether they will cooperate or free-ride). Thus, phenotypic similarity could affect cooperation. However, it is unclear whether humans respond to any type of phenotypic similarity or whether only salient phenotypic traits guide cooperation. We tested whether within-group, non-salient phenotypic similarity affects cooperation in 280, 3 to 10 year old children and in 76 young adults (mean 19.8 years old) in the UK. We experimentally manipulated the degree of phenotypic similarity in three computer-based experiments. We found no evidence of a preference for, or greater cooperation with, phenotypically similar individuals in children, even though children displayed ingroup preference. Conversely, young adults cooperated more with phenotypically similar than with phenotypically diverse individuals to themselves. Our results suggest that response to non-salient phenotypic similarity varies with age and that young adults may pay more attention to non-salient cues of diversity then children.
Investment policy is the main thing that must prioritize the national interest, not only in the field of new jobs but also must support the domestic eco-sector. In this case the state has an obligation to defend national interests. Specifically in terms of investment by managing contracts or bilateral investment treaty agreements (BIT) based on the Proportionality Principle. This principle is intended to provide justice and certainty for the parties. Bilateral Investment Treaties (BIT) agreements are considered important for the parties, which are related to the agreement. In the Bilateral Investment Treaties Agreement (BIT) are the most preferred clauses of the Nation, the National Treatment and Fair and Equitable Treatment, and the theory of state / government intervention that is considered to be able to balance national interests and protect investors in the mining sector
