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Indonesia is currently one of the regions with the highest transformation rate of land surface worldwide related to the expansion of oil palm plantations and other cash crops replacing forests on large scales. Land cover changes, which modify land surface properties, have a direct effect on the land surface temperature (LST), a key driver for many ecological functions. Despite the large historic land transformation in Indonesia toward oil palm and other cash crops and governmental plans for future expansion, this is the first study so far to quantify the impacts of land transformation on the LST in Indonesia. We analyze LST from the thermal band of a Landsat image and produce a high-resolution surface temperature map (30 m) for the lowlands of the Jambi province in Sumatra (Indonesia), a region which suffered large land transformation towards oil palm and other cash crops over the past decades. The comparison of LST, albedo, normalized differenced vegetation index (NDVI) and evapotranspiration (ET) between seven different land cover types (forest, urban areas, clear-cut land, young and mature oil palm plantations, acacia and rubber plantations) shows that forests have lower surface temperatures than the other land cover types, indicating a local warming effect after forest conversion. LST differences were up to 10.1 ± 2.6 °C (mean ± SD) between forest and clear-cut land. The differences in surface temperatures are explained by an evaporative cooling effect, which offsets the albedo warming effect. Our analysis of the LST trend of the past 16 years based on MODIS data shows that the average daytime surface temperature in the Jambi province increased by 1.05 °C, which followed the trend of observed land cover changes and exceeded the effects of climate warming. This study provides evidence that the expansion of oil palm plantations and other cash crops leads to changes in biophysical variables, warming the land surface and thus enhancing the increase of the air temperature because of climate change.

The goal of the Agricultural and Horticultural Society of India (founded in 1820) was to create a science for the cultivation of plants in India and use this science to increase agricultural production. This article tracks the ideas of this society in its early decades as it created a highly contested and changing discourse regarding agriculture in India. As the society was based in Calcutta, it had Bengali members who appropriated and modified these ideas according to their own social circumstances. In the first decade of its life, many members envisioned the project of 'agricultural improvement' as increasing the production of food and medicine for local consumption as well as agricultural commodities for export. Yet beginning in 1829, this mixed agri-horticultural vision began to change. British members complained that local gardening activities were not remunerative and so the society should focus more on agriculture for export. As a result, agriculture began to be more clearly defined as the large-scale production of commodities for export, separate from the science of horticulture, which concerned growing fruits and vegetables for local consumption. Horticulture increasingly became the lesser science and the society's focus went towards agriculture for export. Many Bengali members remained more interested in the activities associated with horticulture, proceeding to develop an agri-horticultural knowledge which appropriated new ideas about gardening promoted by the society and combined them in new ways with gardening knowledge from other North Indian networks. This episode reveals the complex world of knowledge about plant cultivation even as the British created an English-language discourse of global capitalist agriculture.

Indonesia is currently one of the regions with the highest transformation rate of land surface worldwide related to the expansion of oil palm plantations and other cash crops replacing forests on large scales. Land cover changes, which modify land surface properties, have a direct effect on the land surface temperature (LST), a key driver for many ecological functions. Despite the large historic land transformation in Indonesia toward oil palm and other cash crops and governmental plans for future expansion, this is the first study so far to quantify the impacts of land transformation on the LST in Indonesia. We analyze LST from the thermal band of a Landsat image and produce a high-resolution surface temperature map (30 m) for the lowlands of the Jambi province in Sumatra (Indonesia), a region which suffered large land transformation towards oil palm and other cash crops over the past decades. The comparison of LST, albedo, normalized differenced vegetation index (NDVI) and evapotranspiration (ET) between seven different land cover types (forest, urban areas, clear-cut land, young and mature oil palm plantations, acacia and rubber plantations) shows that forests have lower surface temperatures than the other land cover types, indicating a local warming effect after forest conversion. LST differences were up to 10.1 ± 2.6 °C (mean ± SD) between forest and clear-cut land. The differences in surface temperatures are explained by an evaporative cooling effect, which offsets the albedo warming effect. Our analysis of the LST trend of the past 16 years based on MODIS data shows that the average daytime surface temperature in the Jambi province increased by 1.05 °C, which followed the trend of observed land cover changes and exceeded the effects of climate warming. This study provides evidence that the expansion of oil palm plantations and other cash crops leads to changes in biophysical variables, warming the land surface and thus enhancing the increase of the air temperature because of climate change.

Indonesia is currently one of the regions with the highest transformation rate of land surface worldwide related to the expansion of oil palm plantations and other cash crops replacing forests on large scales. Land cover changes, which modify land surface properties, have a direct effect on the land surface temperature (LST), a key driver for many ecological functions. Despite the large historic land transformation in Indonesia toward oil palm and other cash crops and governmental plans for future expansion, this is the first study so far to quantify the impacts of land transformation on the LST in Indonesia. We analyze LST from the thermal band of a Landsat image and produce a highresolution surface temperature map (30 m) for the lowlands of the Jambi province in Sumatra (Indonesia), a region which suffered large land transformation towards oil palm and other cash crops over the past decades. The comparison of LST, albedo, normalized differenced vegetation index (NDVI) and evapotranspiration (ET) between seven different land cover types (forest, urban areas, clear-cut land, young and mature oil palm plantations, acacia and rubber plantations) shows that forests have lower surface temperatures than the other land cover types, indicating a local warming effect after forest conversion. LST differences were up to 10.1 2.6 C (mean SD) between forest and clear-cut land. The differences in surface temperatures are explained by an evaporative cooling effect, which offsets the albedo warming effect. Our analysis of the LST trend of the past 16 years based on MODIS data shows that the average daytime surface temperature in the Jambi province increased by 1.05 C, which followed the trend of observed land cover changes and exceeded the effects of climate warming. This study provides evidence that the expansion of oil palm plantations and other cash crops leads to changes in biophysical variables, warming the land surface and thus enhancing the increase of the air temperature because of climate change. ; Open-Access-Publikationsfonds 2017 ; peerReviewed

Indonesia is currently one of the regions with the highest transformation rate of land surface worldwide related to the expansion of oil palm plantations and other cash crops replacing forests on large scales. Land cover changes, which modify land surface properties, have a direct effect on the land surface temperature (LST), a key driver for many ecological functions. Despite the large historic land transformation in Indonesia toward oil palm and other cash crops and governmental plans for future expansion, this is the first study so far to quantify the impacts of land transformation on the LST in Indonesia. We analyze LST from the thermal band of a Landsat image and produce a high-resolution surface temperature map (30 m) for the lowlands of the Jambi province in Sumatra (Indonesia), a region which suffered large land transformation towards oil palm and other cash crops over the past decades. The comparison of LST, albedo, normalized differenced vegetation index (NDVI) and evapotranspiration (ET) between seven different land cover types (forest, urban areas, clear-cut land, young and mature oil palm plantations, acacia and rubber plantations) shows that forests have lower surface temperatures than the other land cover types, indicating a local warming effect after forest conversion. LST differences were up to 10.1 ± 2.6 °C (mean ± SD) between forest and clear-cut land. The differences in surface temperatures are explained by an evaporative cooling effect, which offsets the albedo warming effect. Our analysis of the LST trend of the past 16 years based on MODIS data shows that the average daytime surface temperature in the Jambi province increased by 1.05 °C, which followed the trend of observed land cover changes and exceeded the effects of climate warming. This study provides evidence that the expansion of oil palm plantations and other cash crops leads to changes in biophysical variables, warming the land surface and thus enhancing the increase of the air temperature because of climate change.

National audience ; Integrating crops and livestock could limit the environmental and economic impact of specialized agriculture. Still, integrated croplivestock farms are disappearing over the European Union, due to a lack of workforce and few political incentives. This article aims at highlighting that cash crops and livestock are more often entering into competition than being sources of synergies in territories in which they coexist. We analyzed the diversity of service bundles provided by crop-livestock farming in three French territories combining cash crops and livestock. Our transversal analysis allowed us to suggest levers for an agroecological transition based on a real integration between cash crops and livestock at the farm and beyond the farm level. First of all, the animal stocking rate should be adapted as regards the potential of the agricultural area. Combining crops and livestock favors the autonomy in inputs through two main technical levers: diversification of crop rotations and organic fertilization of crops and grasslands through animal waste.Integrating agroforestry and conservation agriculture into crop-livestock systems could favor win-win strategies. At the local level, exchanges between specialized crops and livestock farmers could be of interest. Specific organizational and political levers should be explored to favor crop-livestock integration at the farm and local level. ; Associer productions animales et végétales conférerait des bénéfices économiques, sociaux et environnementaux aux exploitations par rapport à la spécialisation. Malgré ces intérêts potentiels, les exploitations de polyculture-élevage sont en déclin en U.E., en lien notamment avec un fort besoin de main-d'oeuvre pour combiner cultures et élevage et peu d'incitations politiques. L'objectif de cet article est de montrer en quoi les grandes cultures et l'élevage entrent en concurrence dans les territoires où ils cohabitent et de proposer des leviers d'actions pour favoriser des synergies. Pour cela, nous éclairerons ...

National audience ; Integrating crops and livestock could limit the environmental and economic impact of specialized agriculture. Still, integrated croplivestock farms are disappearing over the European Union, due to a lack of workforce and few political incentives. This article aims at highlighting that cash crops and livestock are more often entering into competition than being sources of synergies in territories in which they coexist. We analyzed the diversity of service bundles provided by crop-livestock farming in three French territories combining cash crops and livestock. Our transversal analysis allowed us to suggest levers for an agroecological transition based on a real integration between cash crops and livestock at the farm and beyond the farm level. First of all, the animal stocking rate should be adapted as regards the potential of the agricultural area. Combining crops and livestock favors the autonomy in inputs through two main technical levers: diversification of crop rotations and organic fertilization of crops and grasslands through animal waste.Integrating agroforestry and conservation agriculture into crop-livestock systems could favor win-win strategies. At the local level, exchanges between specialized crops and livestock farmers could be of interest. Specific organizational and political levers should be explored to favor crop-livestock integration at the farm and local level. ; Associer productions animales et végétales conférerait des bénéfices économiques, sociaux et environnementaux aux exploitations par rapport à la spécialisation. Malgré ces intérêts potentiels, les exploitations de polyculture-élevage sont en déclin en U.E., en lien notamment avec un fort besoin de main-d'oeuvre pour combiner cultures et élevage et peu d'incitations politiques. L'objectif de cet article est de montrer en quoi les grandes cultures et l'élevage entrent en concurrence dans les territoires où ils cohabitent et de proposer des leviers d'actions pour favoriser des synergies. Pour cela, nous éclairerons ...

National audience ; Integrating crops and livestock could limit the environmental and economic impact of specialized agriculture. Still, integrated croplivestock farms are disappearing over the European Union, due to a lack of workforce and few political incentives. This article aims at highlighting that cash crops and livestock are more often entering into competition than being sources of synergies in territories in which they coexist. We analyzed the diversity of service bundles provided by crop-livestock farming in three French territories combining cash crops and livestock. Our transversal analysis allowed us to suggest levers for an agroecological transition based on a real integration between cash crops and livestock at the farm and beyond the farm level. First of all, the animal stocking rate should be adapted as regards the potential of the agricultural area. Combining crops and livestock favors the autonomy in inputs through two main technical levers: diversification of crop rotations and organic fertilization of crops and grasslands through animal waste.Integrating agroforestry and conservation agriculture into crop-livestock systems could favor win-win strategies. At the local level, exchanges between specialized crops and livestock farmers could be of interest. Specific organizational and political levers should be explored to favor crop-livestock integration at the farm and local level. ; Associer productions animales et végétales conférerait des bénéfices économiques, sociaux et environnementaux aux exploitations par rapport à la spécialisation. Malgré ces intérêts potentiels, les exploitations de polyculture-élevage sont en déclin en U.E., en lien notamment avec un fort besoin de main-d'oeuvre pour combiner cultures et élevage et peu d'incitations politiques. L'objectif de cet article est de montrer en quoi les grandes cultures et l'élevage entrent en concurrence dans les territoires où ils cohabitent et de proposer des leviers d'actions pour favoriser des synergies. Pour cela, nous éclairerons ...

This thesis analyzes the mechanisms of transformation and construction of territorial affiliations. Starting from the hypothesis that the plantation of perennial commercial crops favors the anchoring of the farmers, are studied in the case of the plateaus of the Center Vietnam the l theoretical and practical principles incorporated to a territory and to the indigenous populations. The coffee, imported by the colonists, anchored in the territory, leads to the loss of symbolic and material references of the indigenous peasantries but also to the political and economic appropriation of these spaces. Anxious to control regions sometimes restive to the national majority, the Vietnamese state since its independence has favored the arrival and anchoring of allochtones, now the majority. Farming and the conversion of representations contribute to the redefinition of territorial belonging but at the cost of environmental degradation and a deep economic and social crisis. ; Cette thèse analyse les mécanismes de transformation et de construction d'appartenances territoriales. En partant de l'hypothèse que la plantation des cultures commerciales pérennes favorise l'ancrage des hommes, sont étudiés dans le cas des plateaux du Centre Viêt Nam les principes théoriques et pratiques allogènes incorporés à un territoire et à des populations autochtones. Le caféier, importé par les colons, ancré dans le territoire, conduit à la perte de repères symboliques et matériels des paysanneries autochtones mais aussi à l'appropriation politique et économique de ces espaces. Soucieux de contrôler des régions parfois rétives à la majorité nationale, L'État vietnamien dès son indépendance a favorisé l'arrivée et l'ancrage d'allochtones, désormais majoritaires. L'exploitation agricole et la conversion des représentations participent à la redéfinition de l'appartenance territoriale mais au prix de dégradations environnementales et d'une crise économique et sociale profonde.

This thesis analyzes the mechanisms of transformation and construction of territorial affiliations. Starting from the hypothesis that the plantation of perennial commercial crops favors the anchoring of the farmers, are studied in the case of the plateaus of the Center Vietnam the l theoretical and practical principles incorporated to a territory and to the indigenous populations. The coffee, imported by the colonists, anchored in the territory, leads to the loss of symbolic and material references of the indigenous peasantries but also to the political and economic appropriation of these spaces. Anxious to control regions sometimes restive to the national majority, the Vietnamese state since its independence has favored the arrival and anchoring of allochtones, now the majority. Farming and the conversion of representations contribute to the redefinition of territorial belonging but at the cost of environmental degradation and a deep economic and social crisis. ; Cette thèse analyse les mécanismes de transformation et de construction d'appartenances territoriales. En partant de l'hypothèse que la plantation des cultures commerciales pérennes favorise l'ancrage des hommes, sont étudiés dans le cas des plateaux du Centre Viêt Nam les principes théoriques et pratiques allogènes incorporés à un territoire et à des populations autochtones. Le caféier, importé par les colons, ancré dans le territoire, conduit à la perte de repères symboliques et matériels des paysanneries autochtones mais aussi à l'appropriation politique et économique de ces espaces. Soucieux de contrôler des régions parfois rétives à la majorité nationale, L'État vietnamien dès son indépendance a favorisé l'arrivée et l'ancrage d'allochtones, désormais majoritaires. L'exploitation agricole et la conversion des représentations participent à la redéfinition de l'appartenance territoriale mais au prix de dégradations environnementales et d'une crise économique et sociale profonde.