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Despite the significant contributions of cities to our nation's economy and the everyday life of most Americans, local government leaders are faced with significant constraints on their ability to lead and govern. This article presents a novel framework of constraints facing city leadership focused on legal (what they are allowed to do), fiscal (what they have resources to do), and political constraints (what they want to do). A model is constructed to analyze the impact of these constraints on local action regarding minimum wage and hypothesize that greater constraints will result in less policy action within cities. Using multivariate regression, the authors find that political constraints and economic factors are the most significant determinants of whether a city pursues policy leadership.

AbstractLittle interest has thus far been paid to the role of cities in world politics. Yet, several are the examples of city-based engagements suggesting an emerging urban presence in international relations. The Climate Leadership Group, despite its recent lineage, is perhaps the most significant case of metropolitan intersection with global governance. To illustrate this I rely on Actor-Network Theory (ANT) to develop a qualitative network analysis of the evolution of the C40 in the past seven years from a limited gathering of municipal leaders to a transnational organisation partnering with the World Bank. Pinpointed on the unfolding of a twin diplomacy/planning approach, the evolution of the C40 can demonstrate the key role of global cities as actors in global environmental politics. These cities have a pivotal part in charting new geographies of climate governance, prompting the rise of subpolitical policymaking arrangements pinpointed on innovative and hybrid connections. Yet, there remains some important rational continuity, in particular with neoliberalism, which ultimately limits the revolutionary potential these cities might have for international relations.

Open Selection Policy in First-Top Manager is the implementation of Law Number 5 Year 2014 about State Civil Apparatus (SCA). Open selection purpose to create apparatus who has the professional and based on a merit system. Open Selection Policy Implementation in Pekanbaru City is the first policy implemented in Sumatera Island. This research is using a descriptive design with a qualitative approach. Research informants are gathering from the assessor, local head, head of the selection team, SCA whoever joint the selection and SCA who has passed the selection. Data analyzing technique is using the descriptive technique with the interview, observation, and documentation as the data collecting technique. Research result shows that Implementation of Open Selection Policy for the First-Top manager in Pekanbaru City is done with the effectivity of communication and clear-share authority for each organ who implementing the policy. Besides that, there are big funds for building assessment center, the suitability of workload and program incentives, and there is an indication for time uncertainty in each selection phase. The ideal model for open selection policy in Pekanbaru City is theoretical enrichment from Edwards III's theory of Policy Implementation with adding environment variable and transparency indicator in communication variable.

This article reviews the empirical data the second author collected from 120 semi-structured interviews with the leaders of Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) and funding agency development officers conducted during the summer of 2010 in Northern Ireland and the Border Counties. The research explores 44 Derry City respondents' experiences and perceptions regarding external economic aid in the Northern Ireland peace process. To this end, this article explores the role of economic aid from the International Fund for Ireland (IFI) and the European Union (EU) Peace and Reconciliation or Peace 3 Fund in engaging with civil society in transforming psychological and cultural barriers towards building sustainable peace in Londonderry or Derry City. Themes emerged inductively from data. It includes the CSO leaders' and funding agency development officers' perspectives on building peace and both funds' impact on the Northern Ireland peacebuilding process. CSO leaders and funding agency development officers acknowledge the importance of external economic assistance support in development and forging cross-community contact projects. The interviewees also highlighted issues related to political participation, community competitiveness, and psychological barriers that emerge from CSOs working with both programs. Some of the conclusions are related to broadened peace process interventions to a multi-articulated approach that includes different areas of peacebuilding intervention.

Numerous surveys have indicated that the average citizen does not meet the requirements of rationality & activism predicated by traditional democratic theory, whereas the leadership stratum tends to be more knowledgeable, interested, & libertarian than the average citizen. The study explores the source of these diff's by drawing R's from 3 pop's (a small city, a liberal arts Coll, & a junior HSch) & separating them into those who accepted the possibility of their holding public office & those who rejected that possibility. (The sample sizes were small-from 100 to 250.) It was found that those persons who see themselves as potential contenders for public office are likely to be more highly educated, from a higher class background, more knowledgeable & interested pol'ly, & more libertarian than persons who do not see themselves as potential contenders for public office. These findings indicate that Amer democracy is aided by a culture which encourages the emergence of pol'al leaders marked by qualities conducive to effective, democratic gov. AA.

The enactment of khamr qanun in Aceh shows Aceh government's commitment in prohibiting and eradicating khamr and similar drinks. However, the enforcement of the qanun has not been effective, especially in the City of Subulussalam as evidenced in several violations of the qanun. This paper aims to discuss what and how the khamr qanun in Subulussalam, its effectiveness, obstacles faced by the Subulussalam city government in enforcing the qanun, and solutions offered by the city government. After examining relevant literature and conducting observations, discussions, and interviews with Subulussalam City leaders, this paper concludes that the ineffectiveness of the khamr qanun enforcement is due to some constraints, such as lenient punishment, limited human resources, weak socialization of Islamic law and community education.

Enthält Rezensionen u.a. von: Lee Ching Hua: Deng Xiaoping: The marxist road to the forbidden city. - Princeton/N.J.: Kingston Press, 1985

AbstractMunicipal officials can take an important role in developing a community‐wide after‐school system. This chapter examines how mayors and city council members can serve as catalysts for far‐reaching efforts that address key challenges.

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- An Industrial Economy -- The Business of Railroads -- Building the Brooklyn Bridge -- City of Glass -- The Oil Industry -- The War of Currents -- Draftsman and Inventor -- Photographs and Copies -- Investment Banking and Finance -- Industry in New York -- Glossary -- Index -- Primary Source List -- Websites -- Back Cover

Nicknaming his city "Dear Old Lady Thrift,"Milwaukee Journalwriter Richard Davis chastised city leaders for failing to build a "great city." His unflattering portrait pictured post–World War II Milwaukee as a "plump and smiling city . … [sitting] in complacent shabbiness on the west shore of Lake Michigan like a wealthy old lady in black alpaca taking her ease on the beach." He continued, "All her slips are showing, but she doesn't mind a bit" (Davis 1947: 189, 191). Reprinted in theMilwaukee Journaltwo weeks before voters went to the polls to decide if the city would reverse its debt-free policy to finance postwar development, Davis's depiction warned that Milwaukee was a chaotic andin efficient metropolis in danger of falling behind("Not So Fair Is America's Fair City"Milwaukee Journal[hereafterMJ], 16 March 1947). Her thriftiness bordered on stinginess, her complacency slipped into indolence, and her neglected femininity bespoke disorder. City leaders' frugality, rooted in a tradition of cautious municipal fiscal policies, big city problems mismatched with small town attitudes, and public "indifference," Davis contended, threatened the postwar city.

With disappearing music venues, and arts and culture communities at constant risk of displacement in our urban centers, the preservation of intangible cultural heritage is of growing concern to global cities. This book addresses the role and protection of intangible cultural heritage in the urban context. Using the methodology of Urban Legal Anthropology, the author provides an ethnographic account of the civic effort of Toronto to become a Music City from 2014-18 in the context of redevelopment and gentrification pressures. Through this, the book elucidates the problems cities like Toronto have in equitably protecting intangible cultural heritage and what can be done to address this. It also evaluates the engagement that Toronto and other cities have had with international legal frameworks intended to protect intangible cultural heritage, as well as potential counterhegemonic uses of hegemonic legal tools. Understanding urban intangible cultural heritage and the communities of people who produce it is of importance to a range of actors, from urban developers looking to formulate livable and sustainable neighbourhoods, to city leaders looking for ways in which their city can flourish, to scholars and individuals concerned with equitability and the right to the city. This book is the beginning of a conservation about what is important for us to protect in the city for future generations beyond built structures, and the role of intangible cultural heritage in the creation of full and happy lives. The book is of interest to legal and sociolegal readers, specifically those who study cities, cultural heritage law, and legal anthropology.