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Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- INTRODUCTION -- The importance, role and function of the state: The cases of Great Britain and China -- HISTORIOGRAPHICAL INTRODUCTION: TRADITIONAL VIEWS AND ALTERNATIVE PERSPECTIVES -- The persistence of the traditional view: Britain as an emerging free-trade economy -- The persistence of the traditional view: China as a despotic, 'oriental' empire -- Alternative perspectives: Fiscal-militarism and mercantilism in Britain and benevolent agrarian paternalism in China -- Further revisionism: Early modern parallels in state-building and the creating of empire -- BRINGING THE STATE BACK IN -- States: Modern and premodern -- The concept of state strength -- SOME COMMENTS ON METHODS, MEASUREMENTS AND MONEY -- A note on money and silver -- TWO TOPICS THAT WILL NOT BE DISCUSSED EXTENSIVELY: PROPERTY RIGHTS AND LAW -- Chapter 1 REVENUE -- THE EFFICIENCY OF REVENUE COLLECTION -- Centralization versus decentralization -- Tax (in)efficiency and what caused it: The case of Great Britain -- Tax (in)efficiency and what caused it: The case of China -- An intermezzo: Are some taxes easier to collect than others? Land taxes in China versus excises and customs in Great Britain -- From inefficiency to malpractices and corruption -- Some general comments on the strength of the British and Chinese states -- TAX SYSTEMS AND THEIR TRAJECTORIES -- Revenue at the disposal and discretion of central government -- Other forms of government revenue in (Western) Europe -- War reparations and prize money -- Income from the colonies and the outsourcing of violence and rule -- Taxes and other forms of government revenue in China during the entire period of the high Qing: General remarks -- Other sources of government income -- China: A closer look at official quantities.

Contents are grouped under the headings: Theory and research; Social justice and social policy; Pedagogy; State and right-wing repression; Struggles for justice.

Introduction -- 1. Revenue -- 2. (Over-)Expenditure -- 3. Finance and Money -- 4. People -- 5. The Military and the Economy -- 6. Economic Policies -- 7. Empire and Economy -- 8. State-Building, Nation-Building and 'Legibility' -- Concluding Remarks -- Appendices -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index.

Major inter-election vote shifts are characteristic of present-day American and British elections. In American elections since 1960 the presidency has changed parties on four of the six occasions. In British elections since 1959 the government has changed parties on four of the eight occasions. Students of both election systems ask whether these large and frequent shifts portend either major realignments or the weakening of the parties. The purpose of this Note is to analyse inter-election changes in the United States and Great Britain and to highlight and explain their differences.

Description based on: vol. 11, Jan.-June 1716. ; Issues for July-Dec. 1733-Jan.-June 1738 lack volume numbering but constitute v. 46-55. ; Vols. 3-4 repeated in numbering. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; Editor: 1711-29, Abel Boyer. ; Reprint. Originally published monthly: London, Eng. : Printed for J. Baker and T. Warner.

Description based on: vol. 11, Jan.-June 1716. ; Abel Boyer, editor, 1711-29. ; Issues for July-Dec. 1733-Jan.-June 1738 lack volume numbering but constitute v. 46-55. ; Vols. 3-4 repeated in numbering. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Political scientists for some time have questioned the value of party identification in the British context. The most popular objection has been that party identification appears to be less stable and less independent from the vote in Great Britain than in the United States. We attempt to demonstrate that the first objection is based on strong assumptions about how to deal with minor party identifiers and independents while the second can be disputed by showing that short-term forces, and not just measurement error, cause party identification and the vote to covary imperfectly. The analysis is carried out with the original Butler and Stokes data.

In this paper certain statistical and theoretical problems connected with changes in the level of real wages will be examined. In the first place, information is presented which deals with recent trends in real wages in the United States and in Great Britain. Next, there follows a more or less sketchy treatment of the conventional theory of distribution—this, to provide the analytical tools for the interpretation of these movements. Finally, the significance of these various determinants of the level of real wages is discussed, in the light of statistical and descriptive material to be presented in this paper.It must be noted at the outset that no very careful treatment is accorded the British material. For the purposes of this survey, the British experience—which was perhaps "normal" in some vague sense—is used as a basis for comparison and contrast with the distinctly "abnormal" American experience. The statistical data presented deal only with the six-year period beginning with 1932 and ending in January, 1938. Prior to the earlier date (1932) adequate information about wages and hours of work in the United States was not available. In any case, even six years, if studied by months, provide quite a wealth of statistical data—enough at least for a preliminary survey such as this.The subject of the investigation has been the changes in real hourly earnings. This was decided upon for reasons of convenience and not because it was supposed that such an index offered the most significant measure of change in the workers' income. Very probably, most of us would feel that changes in the purchasing power of weekly or annual earnings, or even of working-life earnings, would more satisfactorily measure such alterations. But it is difficult to establish such indices, and the concepts they measure are not so amenable to theoretical treatment.

"Islamic Environmentalism examines Muslim involvement in environmentalism in the United States and Great Britain. The book focuses upon Muslim activists and Islamic organizations that approach environmentalism as a religious duty: offering environmental readings of Islamic scriptures, and integrating religious ritual and practice with environmental action.Honing in on the insights of social movement theory, Hancock predominantly examines the activism and experience of Muslims involved in environmentalism and bases her research on interviews with activists in the United States and Great Britain. Indeed, the reader is first provided with an insightful analysis of the ways in which Muslim activists interpret and present environmentalism--diagnosing causes of environmental crises, proposing solutions, and motivating other Muslims into activism. This is followed by a discussion of the importance of affective ties, emotion and group culture in motivating and sustaining Muslim involvement in environmental activism. A timely volume which draws attention to the synthesis of political activism and religious practice amongst Muslim environmentalists, this book will be of interest to undergraduates, postgraduates and postdoctoral researchers interested in fields such as Islamic Studies, Sociology of Religion, Social Movement Theory and Environmental Studies. "--Provided by publisher.