La Cooperación Sur-Sur (CSS) fue un eje cardinal de la política exterior de los gobiernos de Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva que se reflejó en su accionar internacional principalmente con países de África, América Latina y el Caribe. El objetivo general de esta tesis consiste en observar dicha cooperación brasileña con Colombia para discernir los distintos significados que contienen las acciones de CSS de Brasil, así como su articulación con asuntos mundiales. Para ese propósito y desde un enfoque de Economía Política Internacional (EPI) se asume los tipos de poder estructural de Susan Strange como dimensiones analíticas. La tesis destaca el valor de la CSS en la interpretación de la relación bilateral entre Brasil y Colombia, y la articulación de las acciones entre países del Sur con procesos globales que trascienden simples intereses individuales de los Estados. ; Abstract: South-South Cooperation (SSC) became an essential foreign policy strategy during the government of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. It was reflected in the Brazilian's international activities with countries in Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean. The general objective of this dissertation is to observe the Brazilian cooperation with Colombia to discern different meanings of the Brazilian SSC, as well as the diverse objectives articulated with world affairs. For this purpose and using a theoretical framework offered by the International Political Economy (IPE), the types of structural power of Susan Strange are assumed as analytical dimensions. The dissertation highlights the value of SSC in the interpretation of the bilateral relationship between Brazil and Colombia, and the articulation of actions between countries from the South with global processes that transcend individual interests of States. ; Resumo: A Cooperação Sul-Sul (CSS) foi um eixo central da política externa dos governos de Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva que se refletiu em suas ações internacionais, principalmente com países da África, América Latina e o Caribe. O objetivo geral desta dissertação é observar a cooperação brasileira com a Colômbia para discernir os diferentes significados das ações de CSS do Brasil, bem como sua articulação com os assuntos mundiais. Para esse fim e desde a perspectiva da Economia Política Internacional (EPI), os tipos de poder estrutural da Susan Strange são assumidos como dimensões analíticas. A dissertação destaca o valor da CSS na interpretação das relações bilaterais entre Brasil e Colômbia, e a articulação de ações entre países do Sul com processos globais que transcendem simples interesses individuais dos Estados. ; Maestría
This article describes and analyzes the current characteristics of South-South cooperation in Latin America, particularly the role subnational actor's play in its dynamics. It also examines the modalities this cooperation adopts within the regional political context of the last decade, which evinces an important progress regarding regional integration of Latin American countries. Finally, it looks at the relationship between the principles of South-South cooperation and the international participation of subnational actors, from the perspective of the relevance acquired by some of these forms of cooperation, as in the cases of the Red mercociudades (Merco cities Network), the Foro Consultivo de Municipios, Estados Federados, Provincias y Departamentos del mercosur (FCCR Mercosur/Consultative Forum of mercosur Municipalities, Federated States, Provinces, and Departments (FCCR) and the Federacion Latinoamericana de Ciudades, Municipios y Asociaciones de Gobiernos Locales (FLACMA/Latin American Federation of Cities, Municipalities and Local Government Associations), all of which promote institutional mechanisms which favor the action of these cities through different exchange and cooperation tools. Adapted from the source document.
El articulo busca identificar las oportunidades de desarrollo de políticas públicas y proyectos en materia socioambiental que pavimenten la transición hacia la Economía Verde a partir de una propuesta que recoja las necesidades y oportunidades que brinda la Amazonia hacia un desarrollo diverso bajo en carbono y con sostenibilidad social, ambiental y económica. Se revisa la situación actual del modelo extractivista con limitado desarrollo del aparato legal y filosófico de los derechos humanos hacia un modelo que basado en la comprensión del paradigma de los derechos humanos ayude a construir relaciones más igualitarias, ofreciendo oportunidades para el desarrollo de políticas públicas que favorezcan la diversificación del modelo de desarrollo y la incorporación de proyectos bajos en carbono que apoyen a la sostenibilidad de la Amazonia y sus poblaciones. Se revisara los principales problemas legales e institucionales que afectan a las poblaciones indígenas y rurales a fin de dar solidez al modelo de un desarrollo diverso apoyándose en el desarrollo de capacidades de su población.Palabras-clave: Amazonia. Economía verde. Sostenibilidad. Carbono. Poblaciones.Publicação Online do Caderno CRH no Scielo: http://www.scielo.br/ccrh Publicação Online do Caderno CRH: http://www.cadernocrh.ufba.br
El articulo busca identificar las oportunidades de desarrollo de políticas públicas y proyectos en materia socioambiental que pavimenten la transición hacia la Economía Verde a partir de una propuesta que recoja las necesidades y oportunidades que brinda la Amazonia hacia un desarrollo diverso bajo en carbono y con sostenibilidad social, ambiental y económica. Se revisa la situación actual del modelo extractivista con limitado desarrollo del aparato legal y filosófico de los derechos humanos hacia un modelo que basado en la comprensión del paradigma de los derechos humanos ayude a construir relaciones más igualitarias, ofreciendo oportunidades para el desarrollo de políticas públicas que favorezcan la diversificación del modelo de desarrollo y la incorporación de proyectos bajos en carbono que apoyen a la sostenibilidad de la Amazonia y sus poblaciones. Se revisara los principales problemas legales e institucionales que afectan a las poblaciones indígenas y rurales a fin de dar solidez al modelo de un desarrollo diverso apoyándose en el desarrollo de capacidades de su población.
The South-South cooperation (SSC) dates back to the fifties, and since then it has evolved as a socially constructed idea by developing countries around a collective identity, the main principles on which it has been formed being horizontality, solidarity, reciprocity and independence. The ideological structure that has shaped it has been influenced by ideas and facts that are interrelated from different narratives. Norms and institutions have been the result of transformations in the international development cooperation architecture, especially after the end of the Cold War. As a political instrument, the SSC has gained greater scope for consultation and negotiation throughout the 21st century. From the discourse, it has been consolidated as a complement to North-South cooperation, in its practice is an instrument for the exchange of ideas, policies and experiences between developing countries that have, or think they have, related political, historical and socioeconomic characteristics. Norms, identities and interests are key concepts in the process of the SSC ideas construction. Therefore, the social constructivism of policy diffusion is the approach used for this analysis. It allows for asking questions and understanding world politics and its social structure, as well as the possibility of change in international relations, especially the place of the Southern countries. The main propose of this article is to understand the process of the regional governance formation process of the SSC in Latin America during the XXI century, analyzing the role of the Iberoamerican General Secretariat as an international organization that has allowed the political diffusion of ideas and practices between the countries of the region. As a vehicle for the political diffusion of ideas, practices and experiences among the countries of the region, this organization represents a step forward for the construction of a global SSC. To analyze it from the SSC ideational structures, the methodology used is a descriptive and interpretive analysis, for which a comprehensive review of the constructivist literatures is made to give shape to the theoretical and conceptual framework on the SSC study. Regarding the historical and conceptual approach to SSC, the most cited academic texts were mainly reviewed, as well as the official sources of the countries indicated in the third part and the annual reports of the Ibero-american General Secretariat. For constructivist scholars, the agent-structure problem raised by Wendt (1987) continues to be an object of investigative interest and also of division, and its study agenda extends to the understanding of various social phenomena, like the SSC case. In the field of international relations, the SSC has been studied to understand it from two perspectives: on the one hand, from the structure, to understand the changes in the distribution of power within international development cooperation, and on the other hand, from the agent (state), which is the focus of this article, to observe the rise of the emerging powers and their behavior in international politics. The SSC, beyond being a technical instrument for the exchange of good practices, is also a field of growing academic and research interest, as reflected by the development of the text with the bibliographic sources used for the analysis. Most of the elements that are included around the analysis are part of the constructivist research agenda, such as organizational structures, narratives, ideas, and even the way in which facts and ideas interrelate to shape the institution of the SCC, as well as the formation of identities and the action and behavior of the states. This article is developed in three sections. The first one, is a theoretical and conceptual review of social constructivism from the perspective of the transnational diffusion of ideas, policies and norms, something that has not been studied enough in the international relations agenda. This is structured as a fundamental guideline for the analytical research. To review the concept of diffusion, first the definition given by Dolowitz and Marsh (2002) of policy transfer is analyzed, a concept that is borrowed from political science, as well as the mechanisms for its diffusion (emulation, coercion, learning and competition), which is subsequently extended to the field of international relations as policy diffusion based on the analysis of Marsh and Sharman (2009). The second part of the article describes the historical evolution of the SSC from its ideational structures. Its purpose is to understand how ideas and facts influence each other and strengthen relations between states via cooperation. Finally, the third part analyzes the process of the national appropriation of SSC in Latin America based on political diffusion through mechanisms such as emulation and learning. From this approach, it is understood that the formation of organizational structures has also been a strength of the regional governance process, where the Latin America countries have used the institutionalization created by the Ibero-American General Secretariat for the systematization of CSS practices. In Latin America, the SSC is consolidated as a tool of regional governance (Ayllón, 2016), because through it, norms have been gradually built that facilitate the exchange of ideas, experiences, public policy development strategies and knowledge that spreads to other geographic regions like a norm cascade (Finnemore, Sikkink, 1998). Governance is a transversal concept within the analysis, this is understood from the classic definition of the Global Governance Commission (1995) that indicates that it is the sum of many ways in which individuals and institutions, public and private, manage common affairs. For the case that is analyzed on the regional governance of the SSC in Latin America, it is understood as the set of narratives, practices and low principles that integrate different agents around common interests. Inside the new architecture of development cooperation, the political and analytical notion of governance is fundamental. States are no longer capable of solving problems on their own (Karns, Mingst and Stiles, 2015), and moreover require the cooperation of others and the coordination of interests based on the perception of common problems. This serves to understand the regional governance process in Latin America, the SSC being an instrument for its formulation and management. Finally, it is concluded that the SSC in Latin America has advanced in the consolidation of technical factors, of how to define and execute it, as same as political factors of how to conceive and guide it based on the construction of a narrative that has been shaped around some common interests and principles. However, the SSC is still a subjective conception of the countries of the South, in which domestic factors determine the dynamism of the diffusion process, as well as their instrumentalization from the political sphere. ; La cooperación Sur-Sur se ha consolidado como una modalidad complementaria a la tradicional cooperación Norte-Sur que, en la práctica, se ha materializado como un instrumento para el intercambio de ideas, políticas y experiencias, que se ejecuta entre países en desarrollo que tienen, o creen tener, elementos políticos, históricos y socioeconómicos afines. Sus orígenes se remontan a la década de los cincuenta, y desde entonces, la estructura ideológica que le ha dado forma ha estado influenciada por ideas y hechos que se interrelacionan a partir de distintas narrativas construidas por los estados, subrayando intereses comunes sobre el lugar que ocupan dentro de la arquitectura de la cooperación al desarrollo. A lo largo del siglo XXI, dicha modalidad ha ido ganando mayores espacios de concertación y negociación como un instrumento político de los países en desarrollo que se sustenta en los principios de horizontalidad, solidaridad, reciprocidad e independencia. Desde un enfoque regional, América Latina, por ejemplo, ha favorecido la creación de instrumentos técnicos que, desde la conceptualización hasta el registro de datos, han llevado a la creación de estructuras normativas para la ejecución de la cooperación Sur-Sur. En esa línea argumentativa, desde un enfoque social constructivista de difusión de ideas, normas y prácticas, este artículo analiza de manera descriptiva y explicativa cómo la región ha fortalecido la práctica de la cooperación Sur-Sur a partir de la identificación de problemáticas comunes y discursos encaminados a definirla desde las estructuras ideacionales. El objetivo de este artículo es entender el proceso de formación de la gobernanza regional de la cooperación Sur-Sur en América Latina, para lo cual, se analiza el rol de la Secretaria General Iberoamericana desde cuya institucionalidad, los países de la región fortalecen la difusión de prácticas e ideas que podrían significar avances para la construcción de una gobernanza global de la cooperación Sur-Sur.
Resumen: Aunque las Organizaciones de la Sociedad Civil han conquistado el lugar que merecen como agentes de la Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo, al menos en la Cooperación Norte – Sur, queda un largo camino por recorrer en el reconocimiento que los gobiernos de los países en desarrollo todavía no les han otorgado en su participación en las dinámicas de la Cooperación Sur-Sur (CSS). Factores estructurales y coyunturales dificultan una integración real de las OSC en las tareas de la CSS. El caso latinoamericano ilustra el insuficiente nivel de participación social en la CSS de la región, si bien algunas experiencias relevantes muestran posibilidades de explorar mecanismos para aprovechar el caudal de conocimientos y planteamientos sobre el desarrollo que atesoran las OSC.
Pese a que la cooperación Sur-Sur (css) es un fenómeno poco novedoso dado que sus antecedentes se remontan a más de setenta años, uno de sus principales desafíos es la escasa y poco confiable información acerca de su funcionamiento y efectos en el desarrollo. Por ello, este documento tiene el propósito de contribuir con la generación de evidencia sobre esta modalidad con una aproximación práctica en América Latina a partir del estudio de dos experiencias: Colombia y México. En este artículo se valora hasta dónde los elementos propios de la css se aplican en sus marcos normativos, legales y procesos de gestión, así como en el alcance de sus resultados.
A lo largo del artículo se analizan las principales problemáticas que presenta la internacionalización universitaria en América Latina, cuando es incorporada en forma acrítica, y las potencialidades de disputar su sentido a partir de la promoción de políticas de cooperación sur-sur. Desde una perspectiva de análisis situada, relacional y política, se discute el concepto hegemónico de internacionalización, que se reproduce a partir de dinámicas de cooperación asimétricas norte-sur y en base a agendas de investigación exógenas a la Región Latinoamericana. Consecuentemente, se destaca la importancia de desarrollar alternativas a partir de políticas de cooperación sur-sur orientadas por agendas endógenas. Para ello se presenta como estudio de caso un programa de alcance regional de promoción de redes de investigación motorizado, en el periodo 2013-2015, por el Núcleo de Estudios e Investigaciones en Educación Superior del Sector Educativo del Mercosur. ; The main problems presented by university internationalization in Latin America, when it is uncritically incorporated, and the potential to dispute its meaning based on the promotion of South-South cooperation policies are analyzed. From a perspective of situated, relational and political analysis, the hegemonic concept of internationalization is discussed, which is reproduced from asymmetric North-South cooperation dynamics and based on research agendas exogenous to the Latin American Region. The importance of developing alternatives based on South-South cooperation policies oriented by endogenous agendas is highlighted. For this, a regional program for the promotion of motorized research networks is presented as a case study, in the period 2013-2015, by the Nucleus of Studies and Research in Higher Education of the Educational Sector of Mercosur. ; No presente artigo, são analisados os principais problemas apresentados pela internacionalização universitária na América Latina, ao ser incorporada acriticamente, bem como as possibilidades de disputa de seu significado a partir da promoção de políticas de cooperação Sul-Sul. Numa perspectiva de análise situada, relacional e política, discutiremos o conceito hegemônico de internacionalização, que se reproduz a partir de dinâmicas de cooperação norte-sul assimétricas, com base em agendas de pesquisa exógenas à região latino-americana. Destacaremos a importância de desenvolver alternativas baseadas em políticas de cooperação Sul-Sul orientadas por agendas endógenas. Para tanto, apresentamos, como estudo de caso, um programa regional de fomento a redes motorizadas de pesquisa, no período 2013-2015, pelo Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas em Educação Superior do Setor Educacional do Mercosul. ; Cátedra Libre Ciencia, Política y Sociedad
En la última década, la cooperación para el desarrollo se ha enriquecido por la participación de nuevos agentes, como los países emergentes y otros de renta media que asumen nuevos compromisos derivados de su creciente protagonismo internacional. En el ámbito latinoamericano, algunos países actúan como dinamizadores de la distribución del poder, convirtiendo los debates sobre el desarrollo en aspectos centrales de su proyección exterior. En la práctica, la Cooperación Sur – Sur que despliegan se diversifica, a veces en competencia con los donantes tradicionales. A partir del III Foro de Alto Nivel (FAN) de Eficacia de la Ayuda de Accra (2008), la CSS ha alcanzado un lugar central en las discusiones sobre la gobernanza de la cooperación con el reconocimiento consagrado de sus diferencias en el IV FAN de Busan (2011). Sin embargo, se detecta una gran fragmentación en Latinoamérica en lo referente a la aceptación de la agenda de la eficacia de la ayuda.
The period under analysis is broken into two parts: before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. In the "before", South-South and Triangular Cooperation dynamics continued moving in an inertial trajectory. In the "after", urgency reigns, governments have new incentives to focus on their national priorities, and some well-established ideas in the field of international cooperation seem to be losing their original meaning, or what was left of it, due to an increased uncertainty that could not be an excuse not to act. ; El periodo analizado está partido en dos: el antes y el después de la pandemia de la COVID-19. En el antes, las dinámicas de la cooperación Sur-Sur y Triangular seguían su trayectoria inercial. En el después, reina la urgencia, aumentan los incentivos de los gobiernos por focalizarse en sus prioridades nacionales, y algunas ideas bien afirmadas en el campo de la cooperación internacional parecen ir perdiendo su sentido original, o lo que quedaba de él, dentro de un marco de incertidumbre que no puede ser una excusa para no actuar. ; La période analysée est divisée en deux: l'avant et l'après de la pandémie COVID-19. Dans l'avant, la dynamique de la coopération Sud-Sud et Triangulaire suivait son parcours inertiel. Dans l'après, un sentiment d'urgence régne, incitant de plus en plus les gouvernements à se concentrer sur leurs priorités nationales et certaines idées bien établies dans le domaine de la coopération internationale semblent perdre leur sens premier, ou ce qu'il en reste, dans un cadre d'incertitude qui ne peut pas être une excuse pour l'inaction.
Over the last decade, we have witnessed a growing number of academic researches that have Brazil and its position in the international system as an object of study, which debate is open, because there is no consensus of its role and intentions: if it is to promote the development and cooperation, or, after all, if it also has international political interests, like greater weight in the international system, greater decision capability, and others typically economics like how to gain market for its companies. Because of its geographical size, its growing economic importance, its visibility for the Brazil 2014 World Cup and the Rio 2016 Olympics, and the political demonstrations in the streets, it is hard to deny the attraction that Brazil is gaining every day. This work was created with several objectives that are tried to be answered along the writing of this thesis: a general objective that generates secondary ones and, at the same time, subsequent collateral objectives. Among the general objectives, we have the purpose of understanding and analyzing how the South-South Cooperation (SSC) is in the wider debate of the International Cooperation for Development (ICD). In this sense, it is necessary to point out the difficulty to trace clear lines of differentiation between the traditional North-South Cooperation (NSC) and the latest SSC. This is because, among other questions, there is not a definition until this moment shared by all the countries participating in it, as well as the lack of database that indicates precisely which are all the 'development partners' emerging. This thesis introduces the debate about international cooperation analyzing the challenges that it faces, the global changes that have come to transform the 'new architecture to development' and to analyze the gaps that Brazil can take with other emerging powers to improve the current and weakened assistance system.
