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A decade ago, the study of pidgin and creole languages was highly compartmentalized. Very few linguists dealt with both pidgins and creoles. Few students of creole English were aware of current studies in other widely separated geographical areas, even of studies of the same language (e.g., Chinese pidgin English, Hawaiian English, Jamaican creole, and West African Krio). This compartmentalization is now rapidly breaking down. Linguists now view pidgins and creoles as two phases, perhaps even as only two aspects, of the same linguistic process. The geographical and interlingual barriers have so eroded that although a linguist may think of himself as primarily a Caribbeanist or a French creolist, he can no longer ignore work in other areas and other languages. Students of Haitian French and of Trinidadian English realize that they are dealing not with similar linguistic problems, but with the same linguistic problem. There is an increasing tendency to speak not of creoles but of creole.

This article identifies and presents the main debates and issues that are generating interest in the field of creole studies. It is composed of two main sections. The first one presents the debates currently stimulating creolistics: the nature of pidgins and creoles and the relation between the two, the sociological and typological distinction between pidgins and creoles, the various theories explaining their origin, and their transformation through time. The second part raises issues linked to the social life of these languages, an area of research that, though present since the beginning of creolistics, has remained limited. Using the framework of linguistic ideology, this review surveys the social status of pidgins and creoles, the prejudices that exclude them from being used at schools, and their lack of linguistic legitimacy. It concludes with a discussion of pidgins and creoles on social media.

Introduction: becoming Creole -- Hewers of wood : histories of nature, race and becoming -- Bush: racing the more than human -- Living in a powerful world -- Entangling the more than human : becoming Creole -- Wildlife conservation, nature tourism and Creole becomings -- Transnational becomings : from deer sausage to tilapia -- Conclusion: livity and (human) being -- Appendix/glossary: Belizean Kriol words and the more than human? -- Bibliography -- Index -- About the author

This chapter introduces the reader to the areas of previous investigation in creole studies, while outlining new directions the field is taking. The first section shows that, although the chief areas of interest have essentially remained the same for the past few decades, methodologies have changed toward a more comprehensive multilayered approach aimed at a better understanding of how individual creole languages emerge, evolve and function. The second section focuses particularly on cognitive processes involved in creole formation, such as restructuring, relexification, reanalysis, and dialectal leveling. In the third and last section, I critically evaluate the current state of affairs and point out potential obstacles and promising interdisciplinary trends.

Becoming Creole explores how people become who they are through their relationships with the natural world, and it shows how those relationships are also always embedded in processes of racialization that create blackness, brownness, and whiteness. Taking the reader into the lived experience of Afro-Caribbean people who call the watery lowlands of Belize home, Melissa A. Johnson traces Belizean Creole peoples' relationships with the plants, animals, water, and soils around them, and analyzes how these relationships intersect with transnational racial assemblages. She provides a sustained analysis of how processes of racialization are always present in the entanglements between people and the non-human worlds in which they live. -- Provided by publisher

Becoming Creole explores how people become who they are through their relationships with the natural world, and it shows how those relationships are also always embedded in processes of racialization that create blackness, brownness, and whiteness. Taking the reader into the lived experience of Afro-Caribbean people who call the watery lowlands of Belize home, Melissa A. Johnson traces Belizean Creole peoples' relationships with the plants, animals, water, and soils around them, and analyzes how these relationships intersect with transnational racial assemblages. She provides a sustained analysis of how processes of racialization are always present in the entanglements between people and the non-human worlds in which they live

Mainly through oral history, but supported by documental investigation, this study recovers the knowledge of the origin, traditions and customs of the ancestral population of Corn Island. With this publication is crowned the effort and patience with which, twenty five years ago, the author initiated in informal manner this compilation of oral descriptions of festivities, natural disasters and religious, economic. and political process in this paradisiacal Island of the Nicaraguan Caribbean. In addition, the author rescues the name of the first heroic men and women that strived to ensure the services of education and health in the island.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/wani.v65i0.872 Wani No.65 2012 pp.41-53 ; A través de la historia oral, principalmente, y auxiliado por la investigación documental, este estudio rescata los conocimientos sobre el ongen, tradiciones y costumbres de la población ancestral de Com Island. Con esta publicación se corona el esfuerzo y la paciencia con que, hace veinticinco años, de manera informal inició su autora este proceso de recopilación oral de las festividades. desastres naturales y procesos políticos. económicos y religiosos, en esta paradisíaca isla del Caribe nicaragüense. También, la autora rescata el nombre y el esfuerzo de sus primeros héroes y heroínas por asegurar los servicios de salud y educación en la Isla.1. HISTORIA ORAL-INVESTIGACIONES-CORN ISLAND(NlCARAGUA)2. CREOLES-VIDA SOCIAL Y COSTUMBRES 3. TRADICION ORAL-CORN ISLAND (NICARAGUA) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/wani.v65i0.872 Wani No.65 2012 pp.41-53

Frontmatter -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Introduction -- 1 African Choices in the Revolutionary South -- 2 The Counter-Revolution in Saint Domingue -- 3 Maroons, Loyalist Intrigues, and Ephemeral States -- 4 Black Militiamen and African Rebels in Havana -- 5 Black Seminoles: A Nation Besieged -- 6 Atlantic Creoles in Matanzas, Cuba -- Epilogue: Failed Promises of the Atlantic Revolutions -- Appendix 1: Chronology -- Appendix 2: Prince 's Black Company -- Appendix 3: Registry of Negro Prisoners -- Notes -- Index

In 2004, a conference was held at King's College London to commemorate the centenary of the birth of Charles Boxer. The theme of the conference was the development of the culturally mixed 'Portuguese' societies in Asia, Africa and America, which reflected Boxer's own interest in the social history of Portugal's overseas empire. Although the conference papers were published by Bristol University, this volume is long out of print and the outstanding quality of many of the contributions has made it necessary for this collection to be republished. Portuguese overseas expansion over a period of five centuries led to the formation of many mixed or creole communities which drew culturally not only on Portugal, but also on indigenous societies. This cross-cultural interaction gave rise to a creole 'Portuguese' identity that in many cases outlasted the formal empire itself. Reflecting upon the main tenets of Boxer's work, this collection provides a broad geographical perspective upon areas of Portuguese presence in Guinea, Cape Verde, Angola, São Tomé, Brazil and Goa. The chapters cover a wide range of social strata, including plantation slave and maroon communities, private settler-traders and pirates, indigenous trade-diasporas, and Luso-African, Luso-Brazilian and Afro-Brazilian groups, as well as the formation of Creole elites against the background of shifting racial, gender, ethnic, linguistic and religious boundaries. As such, this collection represents an exercise in 'subaltern' history which shows that the informal social relations were often more important in the long term than the formal structures of empire

Abstract. In Haitian Creole the lexical itemkishows up when a subject (but not an object) undergoes operator movement inwh‐questions, clefts, and relative clauses. We argue thatkiis a phonological reflex of agreement between the complementizer and awh‐phrase. More specifically, the complementizer is spelled out askiif all its features are checked off by a single goal. We demonstrate that this is accomplished only when the operator is a subject.

Despite high degrees of cultural and ethnic diversity as well as prevailing political instability, Guinea-Bissau's population has developed a strong sense of national belonging. By examining both contemporary and historical perspectives, A Creole Nation explores how creole identity, culture, and political leaders have influenced postcolonial nation-building processes in Guinea-Bissau, and the ways in which the phenomenon of cultural creolization results in the emergence of new identities

This article investigates Language Making processes in multilingual postcolonial societies where Creole languages are spoken. It raises the question whether or not Language Making in these settings differs from other contexts given the historical preconditions and social, economic, or political inequalities which persist after the colonial period. The paper discusses the potentials of Language Making to support or impede efforts of decolonization. With the help of examples from several Creole-speaking societies, it shows different approaches to conceptualizing Creole languages as linguistic entities with the creation or emergence of norms, different naming strategies or through language policy and planning. It examines the potential contribution of different agents of Language Making and illustrates cases in which Language Making is countered or languages are un-made. As a conclusion, the article shows that the concept of Language Making may need further expansion or nuancing in order to avoid a "Northern" or "Western" bias.

This study explores the ways in which a colonial domain affected identification processes among the Jews who had forged a Jewish community in Suriname since the mid seventeenth century. The history of the Surinamese Jews involves conflict, struggle and exclusion, but also cultural adaptation, inclusion and cultural production. Within the framework of Suriname's colonial domain, the Surinamese-Jewish community debated, contested and negotiated the pillars of a Surinamese-Jewish group identity not only among themselves but also with the colonial authorities. Colour and social status predominated as boundary-making attributes in Surinamese-Jewish identifications. Creolization acted as a constitutive force in shaping the social environment, the philosophy of life and the actions of Surinamese Jews. As such, Surinamese-Jewish creolization was predominantly concerned with a process of 'becoming creole'; the development of a localized mental framing and a notion of difference that distinguished the Surinamese Jews from those Jews living in their metropolitan homeland communities. Between the mid eighteenth and mid nineteenth centuries did Surinamese-Jewish identifications take a definite turn. Important conflicts within the Jewish community (concerning Portuguese and High German Jewish relationships, or the status of coloured Jews), but also between Jewish and non-Jewish whites (because of the increasing visibility of the Jews and the penetration of Jews in social and political environments previously out-of-bound) took place within this time-span; conflicts that strongly indicate a reformulation of Surinamese-Jewish identifications during this period.

Despite high degrees of cultural and ethnic diversity as well as prevailing political instability, Guinea-Bissau's population has developed a strong sense of national belonging. By examining both contemporary and historical perspectives, A Creole Nation explores how creole identity, culture, and political leaders have influenced postcolonial nation-building processes in Guinea-Bissau, and the ways in which the phenomenon of cultural creolization results in the emergence of new identities.