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"The United States Department of Energy was established as the twelfth Cabinet-level Department in the Federal Government on October 1, 1977, ." ; Mode of access: Internet.

At head of title: Federal Security Agency, U.S. Public Health Service. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Description based on: March 1994; title from cover. ; Mode of access: Internet.

In 2017, the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists performed its sixth periodic Epidemiology Capacity Assessment, a national assessment that evaluates trends in workforce size, funding, and epidemiology capacity among state health departments. A standardized web-based questionnaire was sent to the state epidemiologist in the 50 states, the District of Columbia (DC), and the U.S. territories and the Federated States of Micronesia inquiring about the number of current and optimal epidemiologist positions; sources of epidemiology activity and personnel funding; and each department's self-perceived capacity to lead activities, provide subject matter expertise, and obtain and manage resources for the four Essential Public Health Services (EPHS)* most closely linked to epidemiology. From 2013 to 2017, the number of state health department epidemiologists† increased 22%, from 2,752 to 3,369, the greatest number of workers since the first full Epidemiology Capacity Assessment enumeration in 2004. The federal government provided most (77%) of the funding for epidemiologic activities and personnel. Substantial to full capacity (50%–100%) was highest for investigating health problems (92% of health departments) and monitoring health status (84%), whereas capacity for evaluating effectiveness (39%) and applied research (29%) was considerably lower. An estimated additional 1,200 epidemiologists are needed to reach full capacity to conduct the four EPHS. Additional resources might be needed to ensure that state health department epidemiologists possess the specialized skills to deliver EPHS, particularly in evaluation and applied epidemiologic research.

The Department of State's role in Africa is to represent the United States Government and further American foreign policy objectives on the continent. Africa-related expenditures can be divided into four major areas: salaries and operating expenses; acquisition, development, and construction of buildings abroad; the Exchange of Persons Program; and other expenditures. Salaries and operating expenses for personnel and activities concerning Africa are discussed below under the section on the Bureau of African Affairs. Acquisition, development, and construction of buildings abroad expenditures are outlined under the country summaries in which the expenditures occur. (Country summaries appear in the Africa Bureau section). The Exchange of Persons Program is described under the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs. Other expenditures include the involvement of State Department Bureaus, such as the Bureau of Intelligence and Research, among others, in African affairs, and are discussed under the appropriate bureau headings. The Agency for International Development (AID), a semi-autonomous agency within the State Department, carries on extensive programs in Africa. AID involvement in some 28 African countries is discussed following the State Department bureau descriptions below.

The Department of State's role in Africa is to represent the United States Government and further American foreign policy objectives on the continent. Africa-related expenditures can be divided into four major areas: salaries and operating expenses; acquisition, development, and construction of buildings abroad; the Exchange of Persons Program; and other expenditures. Salaries and operating expenses for personnel and activities concerning Africa are discussed below under the section on the Bureau of African Affairs. Acquisition, development, and construction of buildings abroad expenditures are outlined under the country summaries in which the expenditures occur. (Country summaries appear in the Africa Bureau section). The Exchange of Persons Program is described under the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs. Other expenditures include the involvement of State Department Bureaus, such as the Bureau of Intelligence and Research, among others, in African affairs, and are discussed under the appropriate bureau headings. The Agency for International Development (AID), a semi-autonomous agency within the State Department, carries on extensive programs in Africa. AID involvement in some 28 African countries is discussed following the State Department bureau descriptions below.