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Automated Essay Scoring has gained a wider applicability and usage with the integration of advanced Natural Language Processing techniques which enabled in-depth analyses of discourse in order capture the specificities of written texts. In this paper, we introduce a novel Automatic Essay Scoring method for Dutch language, built within the Readerbench framework, which encompasses a wide range of textual complexity indices, as well as an automated segmentation approach. Our method was evaluated on a corpus of 173 technical reports automatically split into sections and subsections, thus forming a hierarchical structure on which textual complexity indices were subsequently applied. The stepwise regression model explained 30.5% of the variance in students' scores, while a Discriminant Function Analysis predicted with substantial accuracy (75.1%) whether they are high or low performance students. ; This study is part of the RAGE project. The RAGE project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 644187. This publication reflects only the author's view. The European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains.

Of all the non-indigenous groups resident in Indonesia, the Chinese have attracted the greatest attention in every respect. Their economic success has aroused both admiration and jealousy. Their clannishness has led to questions about their social organizations and, especially in the post–1945 period, their integration into the national matrix. Problems of assimilation have spawned numerous scholarly studies in the English language, while there have been no lack of studies on Chinese political movements in Indonesia and their relations with indigenous ones. In short, there is an exciting ongoing research on the Chinese in Indonesia that bodes well for the future and beckons greater participation from newcomers in the field.

AbstractThis article explores the linguistic strategies of young refugees (ages 12–23) in the Netherlands. The study takes place within a societal context in which new migrants and refugees are increasingly pressured to learn Dutch as key to their integration, but English is becoming more and more dominant, and in which learning Dutch is not considered necessary for other newcomer groups such as exchange students and expats. It starts from a puzzling finding in participants' use of languages within their personal networks (collected 2016–18): their decreasing use of Dutch and increasing use of English while integrating into Dutch society. Participants' 'network stories' reveal that they shifted from Dutch to English to distance themselves from the identities ascribed to them by the Dutch dominant negative discourse and to imagine their futures and belonging in more inclusive environments.

The field of translation is undergoing various profound changes. On the one hand it is being thoroughly reshaped by the advent and constant improvement of new technologies. On the other hand, new forms of translation are starting to see the light of day in the wake of social and legal developments that require that products and content that are created, are accessible for everybody. One of these new forms of translation, is audio description (AD), a service that is aimed at making audiovisual content accessible to people with sight loss. New legislation requires that this content is accessible by 2025, which constitutes a tremendous task given the limited number of people that are at present trained as audio describers. A possible solution would be to use machine translation to translate existing audio descriptions into different languages. Since AD is characterized by short sentences and simple, concrete language, it could be a good candidate for machine translation. In the present study, we want to test this hypothesis for the English-Dutch language pair. Three 30 minute AD excerpts of different Dutch movies that were originally audio described in English, were translated into Dutch using DeepL. The translations were analysed using the harmonized DQF-MQM error typology and taking into account the specific multimodal nature of the source text and the intersemiotic dimension of the original audio description process. The analysis showed that the MT output had a relatively high error rate, particularly in the categories of Accuracy - mistranslation and Fluency - grammar. This seems to indicate that extensive post-editing will be needed, before the text can be used in a professional context. ; El camp de la traducció està experimentant canvis profunds. D'una banda, està patint una autèntica transformació gràcies a l'arribada i la millora constant de les noves tecnologies. De l'altra, noves formes de traducció comencen a veure la llum arran de l'evolució social i legal que exigeix que els productes i continguts que es creen siguin accessibles per a tothom. Una d'aquestes noves formes de traducció és l'audiodescripció (AD), un servei que té com a objectiu fer accessibles els continguts audiovisuals a les persones amb pèrdua de visió. La nova legislació exigeix que aquests continguts siguin accessibles abans del 2025, la qual cosa constitueix una tasca immensa atès el nombre limitat de persones que actualment tenen formació com a audiodescriptors. Una possible solució seria utilitzar la traducció automàtica per traduir les audiodescripcions ja existents a diferents idiomes. L'AD, caracteritzada per frases curtes i un llenguatge senzill i concret, podria ser una bona candidata per a la traducció automàtica. En aquest estudi pretenem demostrar la hipòtesi per a la combinació lingüística anglès-holandès. Concretament, fragments de 30 minuts d'AD de tres pel·lícules holandeses que es van audiodescriure originalment en anglès, han estat traduïts a l'holandès per mitjà de l'eina DeepL. Les traduccions s'han analitzat utilitzant la tipologia d'error harmonitzada DQF-MQM i tenint en compte la naturalesa multimodal específica del text font i la dimensió intersemiòtica del procés d'audiodescripció original. L'anàlisi ha mostrat que la producció de TA té una taxa d'error relativament alta, especialment en les categories de precisió -errors de traducció- i fluïdesa gramatical. Això sembla indicar que caldrà una extensa postedició, abans que el text es pugui utilitzar en un context professional. ; El campo de la traducción está experimentando diversos cambios profundos. Por un lado, la llegada de nuevas tecnologías en constante desarrollo la está reconfigurando completamente. Por otro, están empezando a surgir nuevas formas de traducción como resultado de avances sociales y legales que establecen que los productos y contenidos que se crean han de ser accesibles para todo el mundo. Una de estas nuevas formas de traducción es la audiodescripción (AD), un servicio orientado a hacer accesible para las personas con pérdida de visión los contenidos audiovisuales. La nueva legislación establece que estos deberán ser accesibles para 2025, lo que representa una tarea desmesurada, dado el limitado número de personas actualmente cualificadas en AD. Una posible solución pasaría por utilizar la traducción automática para traducir las audiodescripciones existentes a diferentes idiomas. Teniendo en cuenta que la AD se caracteriza por el uso de frases cortas y un lenguaje sencillo y concreto, sería una buena candidata para la traducción automática. El presente estudio ha puesto a prueba esta hipótesis con la combinación lingüística inglés-holandés. Para ello, se utilizó DeepL para traducir al holandés tres fragmentos de 30 minutos de AD extraidos de varias películas holandesas que habían sido audiodescritas en inglés. Para analizar las traducciones se utilizó la tipología de error DQF-MQM armonizada y se tuvo en cuenta la naturaleza multimodal específica del texto de origen y la dimensión intersemiótica del proceso original de audiodescripción. El análisis mostró que el resultado de la TA presentaba una tasa de error relativamente elevada, especialmente en las categorías de Exactitud/Error de traducción y Fluidez/Gramática. Esto parece indicar que, antes de que el texto pueda ser utilizado en un contexto profesional, será necesario un proceso de posedición exhaustive.

AbstractThis contribution investigates the rationale and implementation of an employment policy that envisions the quick insertion of migrants in the labour market through short and intensive language learning. We present an ethnographic analysis of a short and intensive course of Dutch for migrant job seekers developed in the context of Flemish employment policy. Our data show that the policy is framed in a discourse of empowerment and efficiency, but in its implementation focuses strongly on surveillance, the punitive consequences of which are tacitly attenuated by the practitioners implementing it. The drive towards quick and efficient language learning could be seen to conflict with the unpredictable nature of language learning. A focus on short-term language learning and quick professionalisation trajectories moreover seems to push migrants into low-skilled, precarious employment and to have stratificational outcomes along gendered lines. While arguing for the need to raise awareness of the way gender intersects with issues of language learning and professional integration, this contribution also reflects on the limitations of language learning as a strategy for migrants' empowerment and contends that an exclusive focus on language as the key to integration erases the structural factors that produce inequality on the labour market.