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The scientific reflection of the authors is caused by the paradoxically conflict situation in the world's fuel and energy complex and the unresolved nature of a number of methodological and applied issues of the functioning of financial instruments. The authors proceed from the assumption that conflicts grow not so much by the scarcity of natural resource reserves, labour, and the transition to non-traditional energy sources, energy-saving technologies, or the search for rent by a number of financial institutions. One of the main reasons is the primacy of economic interests in solving the problems of environmental protection. The lack of readiness of institutes for new risks of geological and technological nature, the need to change the functions and spheres of influence of international organizations operating in the financial and energy spheres also lead to stressful and conflictual situations. An important role in the study of the problem is the sectoral aspect of the resource problem of contemporary international life, which is both a traditional and a contemporary dimension of economic paradox (the paradoxes of Smith, Jevons). The paradoxes of economic development allow us to determine the direction of synergy between the factors of production and the forms of ownership of natural resources, the possible points of bifurcation and the growth of natural rent into a political one. The authors used the model of research of "product chains" and laid the foundation for global value networks in the form of analysis of the processes of transformation of raw materials into the product of demand, as well as global value added networks in the form of analysis of factors of the organization of global industries. Theoretical substantiation and practical tools for the analysis of added value chains and various types of fuel and energy complex management are offered. The authors consider competition in the paradigm of microeconomic theory as a certain property of the market in the context of the theory of market ...

Population growth and growing incomes in developing and developed countries are leading to increased demand for energy and food, placing significant stress on the environment. At the same time, the increased scarcity of natural resources, and especially concerns about climate change and other environmental side effects, are constraining the traditional supplies of food and fuel. Failure to provide both energy and food in an affordable as well as in an environmentally sustainable manner, as well as climate change, will negatively affect our society, especially the global poor. Finding solutions to food energy problems is both a policy and technological challenge.

The improvement of China's new energy automobile technology is one of the most pressing issues for the government and manufacturers, given that the existing new energy automobile subsidy policy is about to be withdrawn completely. Considering that the manufacturer has the private information of the initial technology level of new energy vehicles, its technology can be improved by means of technological innovation. Using principal–agent and regulation theory, this paper studies how the government designs incentive contracts to motivate manufacturers to strive to upgrade new energy automotive technology. The study has obtained a quantitative incentive contract under full information and a quantitative screening contract with asymmetric information, which provides an effective reference for the design of government subsidy contracts. It was found that the existence of asymmetric information reduces the expected net utility of the government in incentive projects, and the technology upgrading of low-level manufacturers is insufficient, but will not affect the technology upgrading of high-level manufacturers who will get information rent. The conclusion has good reference value and guiding significance for government policy-making with asymmetric information.

Abstract. The energy sector is undergoing a rapid transformation and there are many observable signs as to the rapid development of the industry. Many governments around the world have begun to invest in legislation to incorporate sustainable energy and technologies. Hence, they are able to tap the potential of new technological innovation and energy systems. This paper examines energy innovations globally with a particular focus on Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, Indonesia and China.Keywords. Global strategy, Innovations, Energy sector.JEL. Q4, M16.

ESSAY 1 Mapping innovation systems through patent analysis. The case of technologies for energy efficiency in the residential sector: This work is an attempt to shed some light in the poorly explored field of residential energy efficiency technologies. Recent efforts by advanced economies, and especially European Union, are directed towards enhancing energy efficiency performances in all economic fields. Although attempts for mapping green technologies have intensified recently, the specific field of energy efficiency in electrical appliances for the residential sector mostly remains uncovered. In order to overcome this problem, in this work an ad hoc classification method based on a combination of semantic and class-based search has been developed. By using Boolean operators, specific search strings were used for searching patent applications, following a multi-level top-down approach applied to European Patent Office applications. Patent collection has been also integrated with the new Cooperative Patent Classification in energy efficiency technologies. Interesting trends in terms of distribution across countries and technologies emerge from the dynamics of such patents. Further specific investigation upon the drivers of such patterns should help policy makers in designing proactive support tools fostering innovation and efficiency for achieving the challenging environmental goals envisaged by the international agenda. ESSAY 2 Policy Inducement Effects in Energy Efficiency Technologies. An Empirical Analysis on the Residential Sector: Energy efficiency technologies represent a key driver for the reduction of the energy demand, leading to environmental and economic benefits. This aspect appears to be particularly relevant in the residential sector, where the demand for energy has not showed a decreasing trend over the last two decades. The study provides a wideranging empirical analysis of the drivers of innovation, with a particular focus on the policy side, in residential energy efficiency technologies. The panel analysis of 23 OECD countries over the period 1990-2010, confirms the importance of adopting a systemic perspective when eco-innovation is under scrutiny. In particular, the innovation system, both national and sectoral, together with the environmental and the energy systems, spurred the propensity to innovate and significantly shaped the rate and direction of technical change in the residential sector. A general policy inducement effect is found to be relevant, but the size of its contribution for new EE technologies changes if disaggregated policy instruments are investigated. It can be noted a positive and significant impact not only driven by standard regulations, but also by policies aimed at improving the level of consumer's information and awareness. The role of policy mix as well as of policy coordination and coherence also positively affect the innovative activity in EE residential technologies. These evidences lead to noteworthy policy implications and suggest the way to further develop research in this field. ESSAY 3 Home Green Home. Unveiling eco-innovation in energy efficient domestic appliances: Residential energy efficiency (EE) is considered a crucial economic and environmental long-run objective and its performances intrinsically relies on technological innovation as a mean for improving productivity of the energy input. Among all the residential EE technologies, domestic electrical appliances seem to be particularly interesting to investigate, representing an important share in the final energy consumption but showing, at the same time, a high potential in terms of EE gains as well as growing level of technology integration. By taking advantage of the flourishing eco-innovation literature on patent analysis, the present study uses an original dataset on four large energy-efficient appliances and provide a methodology for i) identifying specific clusters of EE technologies; ii) mapping their evolution over time; iii) discovering niches of technological fungeability. My model exploits the wellknown concept of technological relatedness using co-occurrences analysis of patent classes as an input for Self-organising maps, an unsupervised artificial neural network able to represent high-dimensional data in visually-attractive and low-dimensional maps. The results confirm the pervasive nature of EE to be bested in many technological niches. Moreover, a de-materialisation process affected the evolution of EE technologies over time, in a technological space characterised by high level of complexity and variety. Lastly, the hypothesis of technological fungeability has been confirmed for a set of EE technological niches identifying digital components, showing an interesting case of general purpose technology.

It is assumed that technological progress plays a vital role in energy efficiency improvements when the effects of industrial restructuring, infrastructure, environmental challenges, and economic shocks seem more dubious. However, a limited number of studies have been conducted to examine the impact of technological innovation on countries' energy efficiency levels. This study aims to explore the relationship between energy efficiency, technological innovation, and economic growth in 30 European countries by utilizing data from 2012 to 2020. To this end, a two-stage analysis is carried out. The first step involves estimating the total factor energy efficiency (TFEE) by the countries to illustrate the effects of energy parameters on economic growth and the environment, and technological innovation (TI) to estimate the innovation capability of each country by using data envelopment analysis (DEA) methodology. The second step includes a panel regression model to explore how technological innovation affects energy efficiency, considering the degree of government intervention, industrial structure, infrastructure, and economic openness.The results indicate that the bottom-15 countries, whose TFEE scores were the lowest, are mainly countries of Central and Eastern Europe. Regarding the countries' technological capability, the results were similar, but the score was lower than the TFEE. Moreover, the regression analysis shows that a one percent increase in innovation activity contributes to an increase in energy efficiency by 0.27 percent. Hence, it confirms the notion of a positive impact of new technology on energy efficiency.
AcknowledgmentsThe study is supported by the grant from the Research Based Innovation "SFI Marine Operation in Virtual Environment (SFI-MOVE)" (Project No. 237929) in Norway.