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AbstractThis article presents research findings on regional human rights tribunals and forced displacement. It assesses the response of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) system to "village destructions" and "village returns" complaints lodged against Turkey and originating from the conflict between State security forces and thePKK(Partiya Karkarȇn Kurdistan). Within academic literature the role of theECHRin Turkey tends to be reduced to discussion of a handful of substantive decisions. This article argues that there is much to be gained from closer examination of the (changing) dynamics of theECHRin Turkey and the regulation of displacement. Two innovations can be observed from this case‐study: a special level of 'protective' access and a proactive approach to fact‐finding. The Turkish cases indicate a need for further investigation of the role of fact‐finding in cases of displacement and the development of context‐specific rules on sustainable returns processes.

Introduction Part I 1. Afghan Refugees in Iran: The Role of NGOs, INGOs, and Humanitarian Organizations over the Past Four Decades Mitra Naseh, Zahra Abtahi, Parisa Azari 2. A Deplorable Future for the Stateless Rohingya Ethnic Minority? NGO Intervention in Refugee Camps in Bangladesh Meherun Ahmed and Suparna Das 3. Speaking out in Silence? The MSF Dilemma of Balancing Humanitarian Access and Temoignage in Rakhine State, Myanmar Dalila Mahdawi and James Smith Part II 4. The Securitization of Relief Assistance to Internally Displaced Populations: The FATA Military Conflict in Pakistan Themrise N. Khan 5. Children's Rights and Adult Agendas; Encounters of Young Displaced Migrants With Organizations in Nepal Adrian A. Khan and Kabita Chakraborty 6. Faith-based organizations and forced displacement in Indonesia and the region: hopeful disruptions of the status quo Robin Bush 7. Reclaiming Agency: A Case Study on Refugee Community Organisations in Malaysia Hui Yin Chuah and Melati Nungsari 8. A Multi-stakeholder Approach to Connecting and Equipping Refugees for Tertiary Education in Malaysia -- the CERTE Bridge Course Jessica M. Chapman, Robin C. Duncan, Jennifer K. Carson, and Jonathan J. Birtwell 9. Hong Kong's Unified Screening Mechanism: Protection in Name Only Jade Anderson and Piya Muqit 10. Strange Bedfellows? NGOs and the Politics of Value(s) in Offshore Detention Julia C. Morris Part III 11. Protection and Empowerment of Displaced People in Disasters: A Human Security Perspective on Climate-Induced Displacement and the Role of NGOs Lisette R. Robles 12. From the Local to the General: The Architecture of Evaluating Emergency Shelter Responses in Asia and the Pacific Mark E. Breeze and Jennifer Ward George

AbstractLittle theoretical or empirical work examines migration policy in the developing world. We develop and test a theory that distinguishes the drivers of policy reform and factors influencing the direction of reform. We introduce an original data set of de jure asylum and refugee policies covering more than ninety developing countries that are presently excluded from existing indices of migration policy. Examining descriptive trends in the data, we find that unlike in the global North, forced displacement policies in the global South have become more liberal over time. Empirically, we test the determinants of asylum policymaking, bolstering our quantitative results with qualitative evidence from interviews in Uganda. A number of key findings emerge. Intense, proximate civil wars are the primary impetus for asylum policy change in the global South. Liberalizing changes are made by regimes led by political elites whose ethnic kin confront discrimination or violence in neighboring countries. There is no generalizable evidence that developing countries liberalize asylum policy in exchange for economic assistance from Western actors. Distinct frameworks are needed to understand migration policymaking in developing versus developed countries.

Lack of identity documents is an important obstacle to the protection of people forced to leave their homes by conflict, persecution, or natural disaster. At the most basic level, a person lacking identity documents cannot travel through the legal channels. Lack of identification can make people more vulnerable to trafficking, for example by making it more difficult to prove a person's age or family relationships. Those who lack identity documents may face greater difficulties proving their entitlement to nationality or to refugee status. The absence of fair and effective processes for registration and identification places displaced persons at the risk of exploitation and exclusion. Access to essential public services will be limited. Children are at risk of becoming stateless because of difficulties in accessing birth registration and because the rules and practices in place may prevent them from acquiring the nationality either of (one of) their parents or of the country of birth. Poorly implemented identification systems may even put displaced people at greater risk. If registration and identification procedures are not properly carried out, people who qualify to be recognized as refugees or stateless. Persons, or as nationals, may be subject to immigration detention and deportation to a country where they are in danger, or to illegal exploitation where they are. Weak identification systems can make it difficult for displaced persons and their children to reunite, to repatriate after crises have ended, and to reclaim land and property that they left behind. Robust identification and registration systems for displaced people also mitigate the disruptive impacts of rapid influxes of refugees for governments, and assist planning to respond to the needs of the displaced populations.

In a world where every 80th person is now forcibly displaced, using big data sources to improve planning processes is no longer a question of if, but a question of how. In recent years, UNHCR has intensified its efforts to integrate a variety of data sources, ranging from satellite imagery to newspapers to online digital data, into estimates of refugees and persons of concern. These novel data sources offer UNHCR an opportunity to improve planning about early warning and acute crisis situations. This paper outlines the potential of big data for practitioners within the area of predictive work in the humanitarian sector and presents examples of how some of those data sources are currently used in the organisation. In particular, it considers the opportunities and challenges of aligning big data with UNHCR's goals of accuracy, scalability and sampling bias adjustments.