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AbstractThis article traces intersections between Turkey's relations with the League of Nations and violent homogenization in Anatolia in the two decades following World War I. It advances the argument that the strife for creating a homogenous population—a core element of Turkish nation building—was embedded in the international order. This is explained on two levels. First, the article stresses the role of international asymmetries on the mental horizon of the Turkish nation builders. The League's involvement in the allied plans to partition Turkey had the organization wrapped up in a mélange of humanitarian concerns, civilizing doctrine, and imperialist interests. Turkish nationalists wanted to avoid those imperialist pitfalls and overcome international minority protection by means of Turkification. They saw international humanitarianism as an obstacle to their nationalist line. Second, the article highlights the ways in which the League itself supported the Kemalists' drive for Turkification, either directly, especially in the case of the "population transfer" between Greece and Turkey, or indirectly through prioritizing Turkey's sovereignty over minority concerns.

International cooperative initiatives (ICIs) are multi-country, multi-actor non-state actions that have the potential to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. The article summarizes the literature on estimates of emission reduction potentials attributed to ICIs. This summary highlights three key issues: there is a plethora of uncoordinated initiatives, often lacking specific, time-bound goals; to a greater or lesser extent most initiatives overlap with the activities conducted under the aegis of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC); and few initiatives have set up transparent performance monitoring and reporting mechanisms. The article concludes with two considerations. Firstly, it advocates for the United Nations Environment Programme as one entity that could bring much-needed coordination among ICIs, and between ICIs and national government-led efforts to mitigate climate change. Secondly, it echoes calls for the initiatives to both adopt transparent monitoring, reporting and verification mechanisms, and ensure that their activities are cost-effective with regard to climate change mitigation. Finally, the article outlines the key issues that will need to be addressed to achieve these goals. Key policy insights •The emission reductions potential of international cooperative initiatives appears to be limited, which would question some of the rational for promoting them. •The extent to which international cooperative initiatives overlap with emission reduction efforts under the UNFCCC is uncertain, but believed to be quite large. •The UNFCCC is arguably ill suited to coordinate and strengthen the accountability of international cooperative initiatives.

This book considers what is needed for fairness in the decisions of the UNFCCC. It analyses several principles of procedural fairness in order to develop practical policy measures for fair decision-making in the UNFCCC. This includes measures that determine who should have a right to participate in its decisions, how these decisions should take place and what level of equality should exist between these actors. In doing so, it proposes that procedural fairness is a fundamental feature of a multilateral response to address climate change. By showing that procedural fairness is most likely to be achieved through the inclusive process of the UNFCCC, it also shows that global efforts to address climate change should continue in this forum. Luke Tomlinson is an expert on the subject with both academic and professional experience in the field. The book is partly based on a Thesis accepted for the award of a Doctoral Degree by the Department of Politics and International Relations at the University of Oxford. The author has professional experience of participating in multilateral environmental negotiations at the United Nations and experience of writing to academic standard in a research institute within the same field.

· As interest in outcomes continues to rise, community indicators have become a widely used tool to measure progress. While indicators provide a vehicle for understanding and addressing community issues from a holistic perspective, current efforts seem to suffer from both a notable absence of local-level data and end-user information overload, whereby the presentation of numerous and often disconnected indicators makes it difficult to draw meaningful conclusions from the analysis. · We highlight the results and our experiences with a community health needs assessment conducted through an indicator project in Michigan's Kent County. The analysis and visualization of the indicator project was based on the book Our Patchwork Nation: The Surprising Truth About the 'Real' America and the website PatchworkNation.org. Using principal components analysis, we reduced a set of 25 separate indicators developed through broad participation into a five-component solution at the census-tract level to facilitate greater understanding of health needs and disparities across the county. The result is a more informative approach to assessing community needs that is easily understandable, visually appealing, and more applicable to a broad audience. · We believe the lessons learned from our approach to community-indicator projects can help other grantmakers increase the effectiveness of dataintensive, large-scale community-indicator work.