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Between 1944 and 1989, the Romanian Communist Party (PCR) took several steps in order to transform the Romanian women into political actors. The first direction of action was the creation of a communist women mass organization whose name and structure changed several times: the Union of Antifascist Women of Romania, the Union of Democratic Women of Romania, the Women National Council. The role of this mass organization was to attract the feminine population to the major projects of PCR: gain of power, collectivization of agriculture, a better promotion for women in all spheres of public life, the demographic project during Nicolae Ceausescu's regime, the administration of public goods and services. In second place, the PCR, according to the Marxist-Leninist doctrine, taking as model the USSR, PCR introduced a so-called egalitarian legislation. In order to apply these principles to the Romanian society, the communist propaganda encouraged women to join the paid working force. The women presence within the PCR was one of the lowest of all the communist countries of Central and Eastern Europe. In the mid-1970s the Nicolae Ceausescu' regime introduced the principle of quotas for women representation, as members and candidates, in all party structures. The result was an increase in the percentage of women in the party up to 36% at the fall of the Romanian communism regime. With regard to the positions of authority, except a small group surrounding Elena Ceausescu, the feminine participation remained modest. ; Dans l'intervalle 1944 -1989, le Parti Communiste Roumain (PCR) a pris plusieurs mesures pour transformer les femmes roumaines en acteurs politiques. La première direction d'action a été la création d'une organisation féminine de masse dont le nom et la structure ont changé plusieurs fois: l'Union des Femmes Antifascistes de Roumanie, l'Union des Femmes Démocrates de Roumanie; le Conseil National des Femmes. Le rôle de l'organisation féminine de masse a été d'attirer la population féminine vers les principaux ...

Between 1944 and 1989, the Romanian Communist Party (PCR) took several steps in order to transform the Romanian women into political actors. The first direction of action was the creation of a communist women mass organization whose name and structure changed several times: the Union of Antifascist Women of Romania, the Union of Democratic Women of Romania, the Women National Council. The role of this mass organization was to attract the feminine population to the major projects of PCR: gain of power, collectivization of agriculture, a better promotion for women in all spheres of public life, the demographic project during Nicolae Ceausescu's regime, the administration of public goods and services. In second place, the PCR, according to the Marxist-Leninist doctrine, taking as model the USSR, PCR introduced a so-called egalitarian legislation. In order to apply these principles to the Romanian society, the communist propaganda encouraged women to join the paid working force. The women presence within the PCR was one of the lowest of all the communist countries of Central and Eastern Europe. In the mid-1970s the Nicolae Ceausescu' regime introduced the principle of quotas for women representation, as members and candidates, in all party structures. The result was an increase in the percentage of women in the party up to 36% at the fall of the Romanian communism regime. With regard to the positions of authority, except a small group surrounding Elena Ceausescu, the feminine participation remained modest. ; Dans l'intervalle 1944 -1989, le Parti Communiste Roumain (PCR) a pris plusieurs mesures pour transformer les femmes roumaines en acteurs politiques. La première direction d'action a été la création d'une organisation féminine de masse dont le nom et la structure ont changé plusieurs fois: l'Union des Femmes Antifascistes de Roumanie, l'Union des Femmes Démocrates de Roumanie; le Conseil National des Femmes. Le rôle de l'organisation féminine de masse a été d'attirer la population féminine vers les principaux ...

Between 1944 and 1989, the Romanian Communist Party (PCR) took several steps in order to transform the Romanian women into political actors. The first direction of action was the creation of a communist women mass organization whose name and structure changed several times: the Union of Antifascist Women of Romania, the Union of Democratic Women of Romania, the Women National Council. The role of this mass organization was to attract the feminine population to the major projects of PCR: gain of power, collectivization of agriculture, a better promotion for women in all spheres of public life, the demographic project during Nicolae Ceausescu's regime, the administration of public goods and services. In second place, the PCR, according to the Marxist-Leninist doctrine, taking as model the USSR, PCR introduced a so-called egalitarian legislation. In order to apply these principles to the Romanian society, the communist propaganda encouraged women to join the paid working force. The women presence within the PCR was one of the lowest of all the communist countries of Central and Eastern Europe. In the mid-1970s the Nicolae Ceausescu' regime introduced the principle of quotas for women representation, as members and candidates, in all party structures. The result was an increase in the percentage of women in the party up to 36% at the fall of the Romanian communism regime. With regard to the positions of authority, except a small group surrounding Elena Ceausescu, the feminine participation remained modest. ; Dans l'intervalle 1944 -1989, le Parti Communiste Roumain (PCR) a pris plusieurs mesures pour transformer les femmes roumaines en acteurs politiques. La première direction d'action a été la création d'une organisation féminine de masse dont le nom et la structure ont changé plusieurs fois: l'Union des Femmes Antifascistes de Roumanie, l'Union des Femmes Démocrates de Roumanie; le Conseil National des Femmes. Le rôle de l'organisation féminine de masse a été d'attirer la population féminine vers les principaux ...

Between 1944 and 1989, the Romanian Communist Party (PCR) took several steps in order to transform the Romanian women into political actors. The first direction of action was the creation of a communist women mass organization whose name and structure changed several times: the Union of Antifascist Women of Romania, the Union of Democratic Women of Romania, the Women National Council. The role of this mass organization was to attract the feminine population to the major projects of PCR: gain of power, collectivization of agriculture, a better promotion for women in all spheres of public life, the demographic project during Nicolae Ceausescu's regime, the administration of public goods and services. In second place, the PCR, according to the Marxist-Leninist doctrine, taking as model the USSR, PCR introduced a so-called egalitarian legislation. In order to apply these principles to the Romanian society, the communist propaganda encouraged women to join the paid working force. The women presence within the PCR was one of the lowest of all the communist countries of Central and Eastern Europe. In the mid-1970s the Nicolae Ceausescu' regime introduced the principle of quotas for women representation, as members and candidates, in all party structures. The result was an increase in the percentage of women in the party up to 36% at the fall of the Romanian communism regime. With regard to the positions of authority, except a small group surrounding Elena Ceausescu, the feminine participation remained modest. ; Dans l'intervalle 1944 -1989, le Parti Communiste Roumain (PCR) a pris plusieurs mesures pour transformer les femmes roumaines en acteurs politiques. La première direction d'action a été la création d'une organisation féminine de masse dont le nom et la structure ont changé plusieurs fois: l'Union des Femmes Antifascistes de Roumanie, l'Union des Femmes Démocrates de Roumanie; le Conseil National des Femmes. Le rôle de l'organisation féminine de masse a été d'attirer la population féminine vers les principaux projets du PCR: la prise du pouvoir, la collectivisation de l'agriculture, une meilleure promotion des femmes dans tous les domaines de la vie publique, le projet démographique du régime Nicolae Ceausescu, l'administration des biens et services publics. En seconde place, le PCR, selon à la doctrine marxiste-léniniste, ayant comme modèle l'URSS, a mis en place une législation dite égalitaire. Pour que les principes juridiques deviennent réalité, la propagande communiste demandait aux femmes d'entrer dans une activité salariée. En la présence féminine dans le PCR restait une des plus basses de tous les pays communistes de l'Europe Centrale et de l'Est. C'est au milieu des années 1970 que le régime Nicolae Ceausescu introduisit le principe des quotas pour la présence féminine dans les organes dirigeants du parti mais aussi pour le nombre total des candidats. La conséquence a été l'augmentation du pourcentage des femmes dans le parti jusqu'à 36% au moment de la chute du régime communiste. En ce qui concerne les positions d'autorité, sauf un groupe restreint qui entourait Elena Ceausescu, la participation féminine est restée basse.

Maģistra darba "Rīgas Grebenščikova vecticībnieku draudzes darbība (1944.g.-1989.g.)" mērķis ir izpētīt Rīgas Grebenščikova vecticībnieku draudzes darbību laika posmā no 1944. līdz 1989.gadām. Hronoloģiskās robežas ir noteiktas pamatojoties uz padomju režīma īpatnībām. 1944.gadā Latvijas PSR tika izveidota PSRS Ministru Padomes Reliģijas kulta lietu padomes institūcija, kas pastāvēja līdz 1989.gadam Maģistra darbs sastāv no ievada, avotu un literatūras apskata, četrām nodaļām, secinājumiem, avotu un literatūras saraksta un pielikumiem. 1. nodaļā ir analizēti galvenie valsts un Baznīcas attiecību modeļi, totalitāro valsts pamatiezīmes, veidi, pamatprincipi un reliģiskā doktrīna. 2. nodaļā apskatīta padomju varas likumdošana, PSRS reliģiskās politikas pamatvirzieni, tika raksturota vietējās varas attieksme pret Baznīcu un vecticībnieku draudzēm laika posmā no 1944. līdz 1989. gadam. 3. nodaļā tika aplūkota Rīgas Grebenščikova vecticībnieku draudzes reliģiskā, kultūras, un saimnieciskā dzīve, tās galvenās problēmas un sasniegumi apskatāmā laika posmā. 4. nodaļā tiek analizēta Rīgas Grebenščikova vecticībnieku draudzes pārvaldes struktūras darbība 20.gs. 40.-80.-os gados. Tika secināts, ka J.Staļina valdīšanas laikā valsts mērķis bija mazināt reliģijas ietekmi sabiedrībā, nevis likvidēt to, savukārt, Ņ.Hruščova valdīšanas laikā sākās ideoloģiskā cīņa pret reliģiskām organizācijām. L.Brežņeva valdība izveidoja stingrās robežas un kontroli, kas reglamentēja reliģisko organizāciju darbību. 1980.-to gadu vidū, līdzās ar reliģijas lomas atdzimšanu sabiedrībā, valsts reliģiskā politika kļuva vērojami lojālāka. K.Čerņenko valdīšanas laikā tika mēģināts izveidot vēl stingrāku reliģijas kontroli. Valdības kurss sāka mainīties tikai ar M.Gorbačeva atnākšanu pie varas. Agrāk aizliegtas draudzes darbības jomas tika legalizētas, ka arī tika atceltas darbības robežas. Neskatoties uz reliģiskās politikas izmaiņām un valsts centieniem samazināt reliģisko draudžu skaitu, Rīgas Grebenščikova vecticībnieku draudze turpināja aktīvi attīstīties un darboties gan kultūras, gan reliģijas, gan saimniecības jomā, pieauga draudzes aktivitātes. Rīgas draudzes pārvaldes darbība arī netika sevišķi skārta no valsts puses, par ko liecina kopš 20.gs.sākuma saglabāta draudzes pārvaldes sistēma. ; The goal of the master's work " Riga Grebenscikova Old Believer parish activities (years 1944-1989)" is to research the Riga Grebenscikova old believers' congregation's activities in the period between years 1944 through 1989. The chronological boundaries were set based on the peculiarities of the Soviet regime. The USSR Council of Ministers' Religious cult council institution had been created in the Latvian SSR in 1944 and it existed until 1989. The master's work consists of introduction, review of the sources and literature, four chapters, conclusions, the list of the sources and literature and appendices. The first chapter is utilized to analyze the major models of the relationship between the Church and the state, the key characteristics, types, basic principles and the religious doctrine of a totalitarian state. The second chapter is devoted to the overview of the Soviet legislation, the key directions of the USSR's religious policies; the attitude of the local authorities with respect to the Church and the old believers' congregations was described in the time period between 1944 and 1989. The third chapter surveys Riga Grebenscikova Old Believers' congregation's religious, cultural and economic life, its key problems and achievements in the timeframe under review. The fourth chapter is used to analyze the activities of the Riga Grebenscikova Old Believers' congregation's administrative structure between the '40's and '80's of the twentieth century. It has been concluded that during the time of the J. Stalin's rule the goal of the state was to reduce the influence of the religion in the society, but no to abolish it completely, however, during the rule of N. Khrushchev, an ideological battle against the religious organizations began. The government led by L. Brezhnev developed strict boundaries and controls which regulated the work of religious organizations in the middle of the 1980's; together with the resurgence of the role of the religion in the society, the policy of the state concerning religion became more loyal. During the rule of K. Chernenko an attempt was made to impose an even stricter control of religion. The government began to shift only when M. Gorbachev came to power. The fields of the congregation's work formerly banned were legalized, limitations of activities were abolished. Despite the changes in the religious policies and the efforts of the government to reduce the number of the religious congregations, Riga Grebenscikova Old Believers' congregation continued its active development and work both in the fields of culture, religion and economics; the activities of the congregation grew. The work of the Riga congregation council was also not substantially influenced by the state as evidenced by the administrative system of the congregation which has been preserved from the beginning of the 20th century.