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In postapartheid South Africa, Whites dominate academics and Black students are agitating for decolonization. Decolonization requires contesting the false history of science used to set up colonial education essential to colonization—the same false history that was used to morally justify racism, by asserting the noncreativity of Blacks. The "evidence" for this false history is often faith-based, so White-controlled academics disallows any open discussion. Furthermore, this false history is sustained by another trick: a little known interplay between history and philosophy. Thus, geometry has been credited to Greeks on the ground that they had a "superior" philosophy of mathematics as deductive proof. In fact, the "Pythagorean" proposition had no valid deductive proof before the 20th century. Furthermore, this claim of philosophical "superiority" was never academically debated, and is not allowed to be. A recent attempt to explain the falsehood of this claim, along with the counterevidence against purported Greek achievements in math, was publicly censored. In fact, in Egypt, Iraq, and India, there was a different and immensely superior understanding of the "Pythagorean" proposition, which superior way was not grasped in the West, resulting in its persistent navigational problems until the late 18th century.

The expansion of the Bosporan Kingdom (the interior colonization of Bosporus) was caused by the need for commercial grain in the Greek markets of the Mediterranean. The steep rise in the Bosporan rulers' incomes followed the annexation of Sindica—one of the most fertile lands of the Northern Pontic region, situated in the Lower Kuban basin. This study discusses the history of the vast chora of the Greek Gorhippia in the southeastern fringes of Sindica, focusing on findings from a Bosporan fort—the Raevskoye fortified settlement. We reconstruct the evolution of the anthropogenic landscape of the area over four centuries (Hellenistic and Early Roman period). The chronology is based on a collection of Bosporan coins from the fortified settlement. We analyze the factors due to which the habitation layers of the fortified settlement span a period from the Early Bronze Age to the High Middle Ages. We provide a new topography of the Early Iron Age aboriginal site, along with that of the fortified site existing during the three Bosporan stages. Special attention is paid to the fortification system, arranged in the Hellenistic period. Studies in recent decades have suggested that the fortifications were constructed according to the typical Bosporan technique of adobe-stone architecture. The fortified settlement evolved over a long period as an economic and political center of a large borderland zone between the Greek civilization and the archaic societies of the Caucasian piedmonta peculiar frontier of the classical era.

Studies of Mediterranean piracy are usually restricted to the early modern period. This is because western intervention in the orient was believed to have brought about an end to piracy in the region, especially after French expansion into North Africa and the installation of a Bavarian monarchy in Greece. This dissertation analyzes transnational piracy in Greece and the Ottoman Empire during the nineteenth century showing that violent maritime crime continued to the century's end. By looking at unpublished archival sources in Ottoman Turkish, Greek, French, English, and Italian housed in the Ottoman Prime Ministry archives, the Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs archives, and other regional collections, this work is the first study to document the continued persistence of piracy in the Eastern Mediterranean after the French colonization of Algiers in 1830 and the end of the Greek War of Independence in 1832. It charts the changing rates and nature of piracy over the course of the nineteenth century and considers the factors that shaped it, with these ranging from political reforms to changes in the regional economy caused by the accelerated integration of the Mediterranean into the expanding global economy during the third quarter of the century. It also considers imperial power struggles, ecological phenomena, shifting maritime trade routes, revisions in international maritime law, and changes in the regional and world economy to explain the fluctuations in violence at sea. By extending the narrative of piracy in the region well into the modern era, my work revises the current literature by showing that there was much greater continuity between modern and earlier forms of maritime predation.

In this interview with Nerina Boursinou and Pierre Monforte, Phevos Simeonidis—cofounder of the Disinfaux Collective—reflects on the role of civil society organizations in the field of refugee support in Greece, in particular through the focus on their relations with public authorities. The interview provides an account of the changing environment in the field of migration and the diversity of the organizations working to support refugees in Greece, while it highlights such organizations' ambivalent relations with public authorities. Moreover, the interview discusses the impact of the measures taken by the Greek government(s) to control or repress the activities of civil society organizations in recent years, including their criminalization. Finally, it makes reference to the complex ethics that accompany migration research and support practices, especially in relation to the collective's operation and decision-making processes. ; Publisher PDF ; Peer reviewed

International audience ; A bilingual, Greek and Georgian inscription was recently discovered on the site of the medieval fortress of Balāṭunus (Qal'at Mehelbeh), in the hinterland of the cities of Laodicea (Lattakia) and Gabala (Jableh). This text is published and commented in detail. Its study reminds that the Byzantines led an ambitious policy of takeover in the coastal mountains of Syria during the tenth and the eleventh centuries. It also shows how precarious their situation in front of the local tribes was, and draws the attention on the involvement of the Georgians in the military colonization of the region. In an appendix, it is completed by the inventory of the Greek inscriptions of the territories of the Byzantine reconquest in the Near East. ; Une inscription bilingue, grecque et géorgienne, a été découverte récemment sur le site de la forteresse médiévale de Balāṭunus (Qal'at Mehelbé), dans l'arrière-pays des cités de Laodicée (Lattaquié) et de Gabala (Jablé). Ce texte est publié et commenté en détail. Son étude rappelle que les Byzantins ont mené une politique ambitieuse de reprise en main des montagnes côtières de la Syrie au cours des 10e et 11e siècles. Elle montre aussi la précarité de leur situation face aux tribus locales et attire l'attention sur le rôle des Géorgiens dans la colonisation militaire de la région. En appendice, elle est complétée de l'inventaire des inscriptions grecques des territoires de la Reconquête byzantine au Proche-Orient.

International audience ; A bilingual, Greek and Georgian inscription was recently discovered on the site of the medieval fortress of Balāṭunus (Qal'at Mehelbeh), in the hinterland of the cities of Laodicea (Lattakia) and Gabala (Jableh). This text is published and commented in detail. Its study reminds that the Byzantines led an ambitious policy of takeover in the coastal mountains of Syria during the tenth and the eleventh centuries. It also shows how precarious their situation in front of the local tribes was, and draws the attention on the involvement of the Georgians in the military colonization of the region. In an appendix, it is completed by the inventory of the Greek inscriptions of the territories of the Byzantine reconquest in the Near East. ; Une inscription bilingue, grecque et géorgienne, a été découverte récemment sur le site de la forteresse médiévale de Balāṭunus (Qal'at Mehelbé), dans l'arrière-pays des cités de Laodicée (Lattaquié) et de Gabala (Jablé). Ce texte est publié et commenté en détail. Son étude rappelle que les Byzantins ont mené une politique ambitieuse de reprise en main des montagnes côtières de la Syrie au cours des 10e et 11e siècles. Elle montre aussi la précarité de leur situation face aux tribus locales et attire l'attention sur le rôle des Géorgiens dans la colonisation militaire de la région. En appendice, elle est complétée de l'inventaire des inscriptions grecques des territoires de la Reconquête byzantine au Proche-Orient.

International audience ; A bilingual, Greek and Georgian inscription was recently discovered on the site of the medieval fortress of Balāṭunus (Qal'at Mehelbeh), in the hinterland of the cities of Laodicea (Lattakia) and Gabala (Jableh). This text is published and commented in detail. Its study reminds that the Byzantines led an ambitious policy of takeover in the coastal mountains of Syria during the tenth and the eleventh centuries. It also shows how precarious their situation in front of the local tribes was, and draws the attention on the involvement of the Georgians in the military colonization of the region. In an appendix, it is completed by the inventory of the Greek inscriptions of the territories of the Byzantine reconquest in the Near East. ; Une inscription bilingue, grecque et géorgienne, a été découverte récemment sur le site de la forteresse médiévale de Balāṭunus (Qal'at Mehelbé), dans l'arrière-pays des cités de Laodicée (Lattaquié) et de Gabala (Jablé). Ce texte est publié et commenté en détail. Son étude rappelle que les Byzantins ont mené une politique ambitieuse de reprise en main des montagnes côtières de la Syrie au cours des 10e et 11e siècles. Elle montre aussi la précarité de leur situation face aux tribus locales et attire l'attention sur le rôle des Géorgiens dans la colonisation militaire de la région. En appendice, elle est complétée de l'inventaire des inscriptions grecques des territoires de la Reconquête byzantine au Proche-Orient.

International audience ; A bilingual, Greek and Georgian inscription was recently discovered on the site of the medieval fortress of Balāṭunus (Qal'at Mehelbeh), in the hinterland of the cities of Laodicea (Lattakia) and Gabala (Jableh). This text is published and commented in detail. Its study reminds that the Byzantines led an ambitious policy of takeover in the coastal mountains of Syria during the tenth and the eleventh centuries. It also shows how precarious their situation in front of the local tribes was, and draws the attention on the involvement of the Georgians in the military colonization of the region. In an appendix, it is completed by the inventory of the Greek inscriptions of the territories of the Byzantine reconquest in the Near East. ; Une inscription bilingue, grecque et géorgienne, a été découverte récemment sur le site de la forteresse médiévale de Balāṭunus (Qal'at Mehelbé), dans l'arrière-pays des cités de Laodicée (Lattaquié) et de Gabala (Jablé). Ce texte est publié et commenté en détail. Son étude rappelle que les Byzantins ont mené une politique ambitieuse de reprise en main des montagnes côtières de la Syrie au cours des 10e et 11e siècles. Elle montre aussi la précarité de leur situation face aux tribus locales et attire l'attention sur le rôle des Géorgiens dans la colonisation militaire de la région. En appendice, elle est complétée de l'inventaire des inscriptions grecques des territoires de la Reconquête byzantine au Proche-Orient.

International audience ; A bilingual, Greek and Georgian inscription was recently discovered on the site of the medieval fortress of Balāṭunus (Qal'at Mehelbeh), in the hinterland of the cities of Laodicea (Lattakia) and Gabala (Jableh). This text is published and commented in detail. Its study reminds that the Byzantines led an ambitious policy of takeover in the coastal mountains of Syria during the tenth and the eleventh centuries. It also shows how precarious their situation in front of the local tribes was, and draws the attention on the involvement of the Georgians in the military colonization of the region. In an appendix, it is completed by the inventory of the Greek inscriptions of the territories of the Byzantine reconquest in the Near East. ; Une inscription bilingue, grecque et géorgienne, a été découverte récemment sur le site de la forteresse médiévale de Balāṭunus (Qal'at Mehelbé), dans l'arrière-pays des cités de Laodicée (Lattaquié) et de Gabala (Jablé). Ce texte est publié et commenté en détail. Son étude rappelle que les Byzantins ont mené une politique ambitieuse de reprise en main des montagnes côtières de la Syrie au cours des 10e et 11e siècles. Elle montre aussi la précarité de leur situation face aux tribus locales et attire l'attention sur le rôle des Géorgiens dans la colonisation militaire de la région. En appendice, elle est complétée de l'inventaire des inscriptions grecques des territoires de la Reconquête byzantine au Proche-Orient.

Requiem for a Beast: A Work for Image, Word and Music by Matt Ottley (2007) is an Australian mixed-media text for young adults that intertwines the myth of Theseus with the story of a boy's coming of age in the Australian Outback. Told through paintings, fragments of graphic novel, diary entry, spoken memories, dreams, and song cycle, it takes young readers into a series of physical, emotional, and historical labyrinths. Physically, the labyrinths appear in the Australian landscape, a place of sweeping beauty but also hot, bare, and threatening (to non-Indigenous people). Emotionally, the labyrinths appear in the boy's backstory: a troubled childhood and a broken relationship with his father. They also appear in the complex history of Australian colonization and the damage done to the Indigenous peoples of the country by colonial settlers and governments. As the boy goes into those labyrinths, he becomes a modern Theseus. He encounters a Minotaur formed by generations of trauma: the trauma visited on the Australian Aborigines and the generational guilt of settlers' descendants. The boy (who as an everyman figure remains unnamed in the book) must face the Minotaur and conquer it in order to begin the process of healing the wounds of the past: his own, his father's, and those of the Aboriginal figures in the book - an elderly Bundjalung woman who was stolen from her parents as a child (through a system of institutionalized racism) and an Aboriginal teenager who was killed in a moment of casual cruelty by a friend of the boy's father. The connected stories of different generations of White and Black Australians interweave with the myth of Theseus and the Minotaur to form a politically charged and deeply felt work, showing the power of young adult fiction to take on difficult subjects and to help young readers negotiate labyrinths of their own.

The article analyzes Aristotle's testimony of a possible continuity between the teachings of Hermotimus of Clazomenae and his compatriot Anaxagoras. This testimony will remain the only one among the later ancient reports concerning Hermotimus, representing him more as a wizard and a seer than a philosopher. In this way, his image is presented until the 19th century; Hegel, Zeller, Windelband and others showed undisguised skepticism towards this figure. The state of affairs began to change at the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th centuries, when the irrational aspects of ancient thought started to attract researchers. Rohde draws attention to the profound transformation of ideas about the soul in the 7th – 6th centuries BC, when the soul started to be perceived as existing separately from the body, as a special substance not reducible to the latter. E. Dodds discovers the origins of this new concept in the northern countries that opened up to the Greek world due to the colonization of the Black Sea coast and enriched the culture of Hellas with elements of «shamanism». The ability to experience the separation of soul and body was a hallmark of magicians and seers of a special kind that appeared in the 7th – 6th centuries BC — Abaris, Aristaes, Epimenides, and others. Rohde considers Hermotimus to be the most notable example of such a magician. It was from his personal experience that Hermotimus could draw a conclusion about the irreducibility of matter and spirit to each other, and, as a consequence, of the separateness of Mind as a universal principle. The distinction between spirit (soul) and matter (body) will become the fundamental principle of Greek philosophy; the concept of Mind (Nous) will serve as the foundation for the system of Anaxagoras, the first Athenian philosopher, from whom, in fact, the history of classical Greek philosophy begins.

"This volume engages with the work of Heidegger to argue that the modern environmental crisis is fundamentally a crisis of understanding, resulting from the symbolic codification of the world from the Logos of Greek philosophy to the rationality of the modern world and resulting in a metaphysics that privileged a concern with questions of ontological 'being' over the actual conditions of life. Exploring the work of the three principal thinkers of the Lebensphilosophie -Bergson, Dilthey, and Husserl - it charts the itinerary of Heidegger's work and exposes its conflicts with the work of Marx, Plessner, Haar and Derrida. A critical argument against the colonization of the world by Eurocentric reason and for the deconstruction of capital, Heidegger in the Face of the Environmental Question draws on Latin American environmental thought to re-think the conditions for life on Earth. It will therefore appeal to scholars of philosophy, political theory and political sociology with interests in environmental philosophy, political ecology and socio-economic transformation"--

Acknowledgements -- Contents -- About the Author -- List of Tables and Boxes -- List of Maps -- Chapter 1: Central Asia (CA) and the Silk Road (SR): Definitions and Traits -- 1.1 Motivation and Structure of This Work -- 1.2 Definitions and Borders of Central Asia -- 1.3 Central Asian Natural Environment: Synopsis of Regional Geography and Resources -- 1.3.1 Geographical Zones -- 1.3.2 Resources and Economic Potential -- 1.4 Definition and Salient Traits of the Silk Road -- References -- Chapter 2: From the Beginnings to the Emergence of the Silk Road (SR) -- 2.1 Early Development of Eurasian Economic and Political Dualism: Toward Nomadism Versus Settled Existence (ca. 5000 BCE to 55... -- 2.1.1 Neolithic Revolution and Aeneolithic Period (Copper Age) in CA -- 2.1.2 Bronze Age -- 2.1.2.1 Southern CA: Proto-urban Oasis Cultures -- 2.1.2.2 Northern CA: Domestication of Horse (Expansive Andronovo Culture) -- 2.1.3 Iron Age -- 2.1.3.1 Southern CA: Urbanized Trade-Oriented Proto-states -- 2.1.3.2 Northern CA: Mounted Nomadism, Mobile Pastoralism, and Military Prowess -- 2.1.4 Central Asian Precursor to the Silk Road -- 2.1.5 Encounter and Division of Labor Between Ancient Greeks and Scyths -- 2.2 Central Asia (CA) Under the Sway of Major Empires of Early Antiquity: Achaemenid, Alexander, and Xiongnu (ca. 550 BCE-150 ... -- 2.2.1 Participating in a Giant Sedentary State: Central Asian Oases in the Achaemenid (Persian) Empire (550-330 BCE) -- 2.2.2 Cosmopolitism and Economic Expansion: Central Asian Oases in the Empire of Alexander and the Hellenistic States (330 BCE... -- 2.2.2.1 Empire of Alexander: First Major European Colonization Effort in CA (330-323 BCE) -- 2.2.2.2 Seleucid Empire: Sustained Colonization, Rising International Trade, Prosperity and Inflation

The invisible export of thought : German science and Southern Europe, 1933-45 / Fernando Clara -- Beyond Germanness? : music's history as "entangled history" in German musicology from the end of the 19th century to the Second World War / Mauro Fosco Bertola -- Tourism as networking for a pan-fascist mobilisation before World War II / Mário Matos -- Student and scholar mobility between Nazi Germany and Southern/Southeastern Europe / Johannes Dafinger -- International contacts in the first years of the Spanish CSIS (1940-1945) / Pablo Pérez López -- The role of culture in German-Spanish relations during National-Socialism / Marició Janué i Miret -- The longing for a "conservative revolution" : German influences over the Greek inter-war politicization of technology and science / Vassilios A. Bogiatzis -- Portugal at the "third front" / Cláudia Ninhos -- The library of the Deutsches Archäologisches Institut Rom and perceptions of German scholarship / Frederick Whitling -- Tracing eugenics : German influences on a Greek background, c. 1930-1945 / Giorgos Kokkinos and Markos Karasarinis -- The mild eugenics temptation in Portugal / Irene Flunser Pimentel -- A "fascist" colonialism? : German National Socialist and Italian fascist colonial cooperation, 1936-1943 / Eric S. Roubinek -- Breaking points of the "Axis" : Austrian scholars, politics, and Nazi expansion to the south / Michael Wedekind -- Planning a "modern colonization on European soil?" : German scientific travels and expeditions to Greece during National Socialism / Maria Zarifi -- Citizens of the Third Reich in the tropics : German scientific expeditions to Brazil under the Vargas Regime (1933-1940) / Magali Romero Sá and André Felipe Cândido da Silva

The five Central Asian Muslim republics (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan) count many Christian—Orthodox, Catholic, Armenian and Protestant—minorities. Unlike the religious communities in the Near and Middle East, most Christians in Central Asia consist of Slavic/European minorities (Russians, Germans, Poles, Armenians, Greeks, etc.), which came in the area during the Russian colonization in the eighteenth-nineteenth centuries. The main traditionally Christian nationalities living in Central Asia are Slavs and Germans. Today, Russians are mainly present in Kazakhstan (4.5 million), in Kyrgyzstan (600,000) and in Uzbekistan (at least half a million). There are only several tens of thousand Russians in Turkmenistan and Tajikistan. Like Russians, the number of the other Slavic nationalities has considerably decreased in Central Asia since the last three decades. There are 50,000 Ukrainians in Kyrgyzstan, 500,000 in Kazakhstan and about 100,000 in Uzbekistan. Byelorussians number 111,000 in Kazakhstan, and about 20,000 in Uzbekistan. According to the 1999 census, there are only 47,000 Poles in Kazakhstan. Today there are 353,000 Germans in Kazakhstan, 21,000 in Kyrgyzstan, and less than 8,000 in Uzbekistan, and their community is nearly nonexistent in Turkmenistan and Tajikistan. Other nationalities are also present in the Christian communities, though more modestly: among them, Koreans (about 160,000 in Uzbekistan, close to 100,000 in Kazakhstan in 1999), Greeks (10,000 in Uzbekistan), Tatars (248,000 in Kazakhstan) as well as Armenians (there remained 40,000 Armenians in Turkmenistan in 1995, with 42,000 in Uzbekistan today). Armenians have only one cult building in Samarkand. Moreover, after the fall of the USSR, more and more natives have been converted to Christianity: many—especially Protestant—missions, are now acting among Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, Uzbeks, etc.