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AbstractMalthus predicted that fertility rises with income and that people regulate fertility via regulating marriage. However, evidence on the Malthusian equilibrium has been mostly confined to Europe and East Asia. We employ Egypt's population censuses of 1848 and 1868 to provide the first evidence on the preindustrial Malthusian dynamics in the Middle East and North Africa. At the aggregate level, we document rural Egyptian women having a high fertility rate that is close to the Western European level, combined with low age at marriage and low celibacy rate, that are closer to the East Asian levels. This resulted in a uniquely high fertility regime that was probably offset by the high child mortality. Next, we provide individual‐level evidence on the positive correlation between fertility and income (occupation). We find that the higher fertility of rural white‐collar men is attributed to their marriage behaviour, and not to marital fertility. Specifically, white‐collar men's higher polygyny explains 45 per cent of their fertility advantage, whereas their higher marriage rate and lower wife's age at marriage explains 55 per cent. Therefore, polygyny was an additional factor that led to a steeper income–fertility curve than in Western Europe by enabling the rural middle class to out‐breed the poor.

Frontmatter -- CONTENTS -- Acknowledgments -- Note on Transliterations, Names, and Archival Documents -- Introduction: The Imperial Bodies of Alexandria -- 1 Foreign Hospitals, Local Institutions -- 2 Mourning the Dead, Connecting the Living -- 3 A House for the Dead, a Home for the Living -- 4 Dying to be French, Dying to be British -- Conclusion: The Death of Empire -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index

It is the aim of this essay to classify various aspects of Islamic political activity (different religious factions, supporters and leaders, motives, and modes of operation) in modern Middle Eastern history from the middle of the eighteenth to the middle of the twentieth century, and to analyze their causes and relations

"Focused on three Egyptian revolutions - in 1919, 1952, and 2011 - this edited book argues that each of these revolutions is a milestone which represents a meaningful turning point in modern Egyptian history. Revolutions are typically characterized by a fundamental change in political and social infrastructures as well as in the establishment of new values and norms. However, it should be noted that this may not be entirely applicable when examining the context of the three Egyptian revolutions: the 1919 revolution failed to liberate Egypt from British colonial hegemony; the 1952 revolution failed to rework the country's social and economic systems and unify the Arab world; and the "Arab Spring" revolution of 2011 culminated in a chaotic economic and social catastrophe, thus failing to solve the young generation's crisis. Nevertheless, by revisiting and re-defining these revolutions through diverse theoretical frameworks, the book proposes that each of them played a significant role in shaping Egypt's political, social and cultural identity. This book is specifically of interest for students, historians and social scientists with a keen interest in Egyptian history and the Middle East, offering fresh perspectives and insights into these transformative moments in Egypt's history"--