Suchergebnisse

A rejoinder to comments by Istvan Deak, John R. Lampe, & Gale Stokes (all, 1999) on Charles Ingrao's "Understanding Ethnic Conflict in Central Europe: An Historical Perspective" (1999) that admits to a certain nostalgia for the multiethnic society that existed for centuries across Central Europe before the 20th century. Although both the Ottoman & Hapsburg empires failed to bring this multiethnic tradition forward into the 20th century, primarily because they bestowed benefits on corporate groups rather than individuals, the Hapsburgs were more committed to a democratic alternative to the nation-state than the Ottomans. Although the commentators suggest that a post-nation-state alternative to the present conflicts is idealistic, they implicitly agree that the nation-state has been a primary culprit in the region's troubles. The challenge has become the creation of a vibrant civil society in a wholly uncivil region of the world. It is this challenge to which Western leaders & scholars ought to be committed. D. Ryfe

"In September 1914, less than a month into World War I, the Russian army laid siege to the multiethnic fortress city of Przemysl, the Hapsburg Empire's most important bulwark against an invasion of Central Europe. For six months, the city's ragtag garrison bitterly resisted, winning critical time for the Habsburg Army to regenerate and denying the Russians a quick victory. But in March 1915, in a deathblow to Hapsburg prestige, the city fell to Russian occupation and over the war's remaining years, descended into ethnic hatred and bloodshed. In The Fortress, historian Alexander Watson tells the riveting story of the pivotal battle for Przemysl, showing how it marked the dawn of total war in Europe and how it laid the roots the bloody century that followed in Europe's East. In the common telling, the First World War evolved slowly into a vicious war of attrition. But in Przemysl, radical violence came with stunning immediacy. Brutal combat, lethal epidemics of cholera and typhus, aerial bombing, civilian starvation, and vicious persecutions motivated by racial prejudice were all integral to the fortress-city's early war experience. Most ominously, around and later in the city the Russian Army perpetrated the first ambitious program of ethnic cleansing in the region-decades before the totalitarian regimes of Hitler and Stalin came to power. The violence that war unleashed in 1914 would ultimately come to consume both the Hapsburg and Russian empires, mutating and radicalizing as those empires disintegrated. Vividly told, and with close attention both to the unfolding of combat in the forts and trenches and to the experiences of civilians trapped within the city, The Fortress offers an unprecedentedly dramatic and intimate perspective on the Eastern Front's horror and human tragedy."--

The House of Austria had a long tradition dating back at least to the Thirty Years War of accepting foreign nobles, regardless of origin, into its service. During the wars of the French Revolution and Napoleon, this tradition received renewed impetus. A relatively small, but highly visible, group of émigrés from France, the southern Netherlands, and the left bank of the Rhine gained admission on the basis of birth to Court at Vienna and eventually integrated permanently with the great Hapsburg aristocracy. By the late nineteenth century, the paternal ancestors of no less than ten per cent of Austrian aristocratic families had first settled in the Monarchy after 1789. These émigrés -aristocrats and their immediate descendants came to occupy many prominent positions in the highest echelons at Court, in the diplomatic service, and in the military. Almost alone among western and central European nobilities, the Hapsburg aristocracy had not been directly hit by revolutionary change. Yet its easy absorption of émigrés represented a remarkable social and cultural transformation that was not without political ramifications as well.

This article considers the "agency of images" in "mediating identity" of the Genoese admiral Andrea Doria (1466-1560). Doria was represented in an extraordinary group of portraits as an ancient Roman sea captain and nude Neptune, god of the seas. These historical and mythological portraits are considered in relation to Charles V's Hapsburg Augustan imperial iconography and ancient Roman ideas about the Mediterranean Sea, mare nostrum.

This article analyzes the ideas of Adolf Fischhof (1816–93) on the nationalities question in the Habsburg Monarchy. Throughout his career Fischhof argued that the survival of the multiethnic Habsburg polity required the strengthening of each nationality's separate consciousness as an ethno-cultural unit. In terms of the reform plan he espoused, he was perhaps more supportive of the rights of the non-German peoples of Austria than any other German liberal politician of the post-1848 era. Nevertheless, Fischhof's rationale for proposing such reforms, namely that they would lead the Monarchy's Slavs to reject the notion of ethnic kinship with Russia and instead join the civilized, European (read: German) side in its inevitable clash with barbarous Muscovite tyranny, revealed a clear belief in the supremacy of German Kultur and in a German-centered mission for the Austrian state.

THIS PAPER DISCUSSES THE CREATION OF GALICIA AND LODOMERIA UNDER HAPSBURG EMPIRE RULE IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY, AND THE WAY IN WHICH UKRAINIANS IN GALACIA MAINTAINED A SENSE OF ETHNIC COMMUNITY WITH THE UKRANIANS WHO LIVED UNDER RUSSIAN RULE. EVIDENCE IS PROVIDED FOR A COMMUNITY CONSCIOUSNESS OF "RUTHENIA" WHICH DESIRED TO BECOME A UNIFIED UKRAINE. POLISH-UKRANIAN RELATIONS IN GALICIA, WHICH WAS INCORPORATED INTO THE POLISH STATE, CONCENTRATED ON SUPPRESION OF RUTHENIAN ETHNIC IDENTITY.

This volume includes the elaborated papers and discussions of a conference held at Würzburg on Austrian 'Neoabsolutism' (1849/51-1860/61). Starting point was the recent criticism of that term to identify the Austrian type of postrevolutionary government and to mark a historical period. The experts assembled at Würzburg focussed their analysis on the various fields of domestic policy in that ambiguous decade and tried to evaluate its importance within the long-term problems of the Hapsburg Monarchy. - Der Band enthält die Referate und Diskussionen einer in Würzburg abgehaltenen Tagung über strittige Probleme des Neoabsolutismus als Herrschaftstypus und Epochenbegriff. Die Analyse der ambivalenten Aspekte österreichischer Innen¬politik ist verbunden mit der Diskussion alternativer Gesamtdeutun¬gen jener Dekade von 1849/51 bis 1860/61 vor dem Hintergrund epochenübergreifender Existenzfragen der Habsburgermonarchie.

This volume includes the elaborated papers and discussions of a conference held at Würzburg on Austrian 'Neoabsolutism' (1849/51-1860/61). Starting point was the recent criticism of that term to identify the Austrian type of postrevolutionary government and to mark a historical period. The experts assembled at Würzburg focussed their analysis on the various fields of domestic policy in that ambiguous decade and tried to evaluate its importance within the long-term problems of the Hapsburg Monarchy.

Appendices: A. The miracle of San Gennaro.--B. Table of measures and moneys.--C. House of Bourbon; House of Bonaparte: The Hapsburg, Bonaparte, Bourbon alliances.--D. Mary Caroline's memoirs.--E. Castlereagh's falsified dispatches.--F. Ferdinand's proclamation, 1st of May 1815.--G. Treaty of the holy alliance.--H. Carbonaro discourse.--I. Ferdinand's invitation to Laybach.--K. Bibliography for the political history of the kingdom of Naples, 1805-1821. ; Short bibliography at end of each chapter. ; Mode of access: Internet.

THE MOST IMPORTANT SIMILARITIES BETWEEN THE EUROPEAN AND THE AMERICAN EMPIRES DO NOT LIE IN THE REALM OR AT THE SCALE OF SPECIFIC DEPENDENT TERRITORIES. THE MOST IMPORTANT FEATURE OF AN EMPIRE IS HOW IT SEEKS TO ORDER NOT JUST ITS OWN TERRITORIES BUT AN ENTIRE WORLD, TO SET THE STANDARD FOR A WAY OF LIFE AND FOR THE SPIRIT OF AN AGE. THIS IS EXEMPLIED IN THE EMPIRE'S PARTICULAR VISION OF POLITICS, ECONOMICS, CULTURE, AND ULTIMATELY OF SUCH FUNDAMENTALS AS HUMAN NATURE AND THE MEANING OF LIFE ITSELF. THESE TOGETHER COMPRISE ITS IMPERIAL IDEA. THIS ARTICLE CONSIDERS THE IMPERIAL IDEAS OF SIX GREAT EMPIRES, FROM THE HAPSBURG TO THE AMERICAN.

From tolerated aliens to citizen-soldiers: Jewish military service in the era of Joseph II / Michael K. Silber -- The revolution in symbols: Hungary in 1848-1849 / Robert Nemes -- Nothing wrong with my bodily fluids: gymnastics, biology, and nationalism in the Germanies before 1871 / Daniel A. McMillan -- Between empire and nation: the Bohemian nobility, 1880-1918 / Eagle Glassheim -- The Bohemian oberammergau: nationalist tourism in the Austrian empire / Pieter M. Judson -- The sacred and the profane: religion and nationalism in the Bohemian lands, 1880-1920 / Cynthia Paces and Nancy M. Wingfield -- All for one! One for all! the federation of Slavic sokols and the failure of neo-Slavism / Claire E. Nolte -- Staging Hapsburg patriotism: dynastic loyalty and the 1898 imperial jubilee / Daniel Unowsky -- Arbiters of allegiance: Austro-Hungarian censors during World War I / Alon Rachamimov -- Sustaining Austrian 'national' identity in crisis: the dilemma of the Jews in Hapsburg Austria, 1914-1919 / Marsha L. Rozenblit -- 'Christian Europe' and national identity in interwar Hungary / Paul Hanebrink -- Just what is Hungarian? concepts of national identity in the Hungarian film industry, 1931-1944 / David Frey -- The Hungarian Institute for Research into the Jewish Question and its participation in the expropriation and expulsion of Hungarian Jewry / Patricia von Papen-Bodek -- Indigenous collaboration in the government general: the case of the Sonderdienst / Peter Black -- Getting the small decree: Czech national honor in the aftermath of the Nazi occupation / Benjamin Frommer.

The narrative hero Peter Klepec is known (and laid claim to) by the inhabitants of the Čabranka-Osilnica valley, the border area on the Croatian and Slovenian side of the border. There circulate a number of quite similar stories about him, in which a frail illegitimate child Peter becomes a strong man, whose supernatural powers help the needy and drive the enemies from these regions. This paper shows the changing role and diversity of interpretations of myth in time and space using the example of folk and literary hero Peter Klepec. It focuses on the historical changes in the perception of Peter Klepec: namely, on his (local) function at the time of the Hapsburg imperial policy, the process of his nationalisation and dilemmas that arose following the division of the Čabranka-Osilnica area, i.e., the originating area of the creation of the legend of the two countries (Croatia and Slovenia). It shows that Klepec was due to different historical circumstances and (interpretive) discourse used for different purposes. First, he served as a symbol of strength and survival in the Čabranka-Osilnica valley, and then as the Hapsburg myth that justified the existence of the monarchy facing the hostile Ottomans, and lastly as an allegory of a servile Slovene, who is always just a faithful bondsman to other masters (first under the Austro-Hungarians and then the European Union).

SUMMARY:
Benno Gammerl explores the overlapping and contradictory meanings of subjecthood and citizenship in this comparative study of how the British and the Hapsburg Empires dealt with their subjects residing outside of the imperial domains. Based on archival sources from Hapsburg and British consulates and central institutions, Gammerl's study problematizes the notion of an "archaic" Central Europe and modern West. According to Gammerl's research, in the British Empire, where traditionally belonging to the polity did not presuppose automatic entitlement to citizenship rights, subjecthood survived until the twentieth century in a new racial form. For "non-European" subjects of the British Empire the maintenance or acquisition of British subjecthood was made more difficult than for the "European" subjects. In the case of the Danube Monarchy, Gammerl sees two additional distinct patterns. In the Austrian case, the imperial authorities treated their subjects without regard to their ethnic background, and instead promoted the interests of the state as such, particularly in the military sphere. In the Hungarian case, the authorities started out with a similar attitude, but as Hungary turned into a nationalizing state its policies with respect to subjecthood tended to privilege the Magyars. Gammerl typologizes the three cases as "imperialist," "statist," and "ethno-nationalist." By exploring these three cases, the author suggests expanding the field of citizenship studies by including cases of large and multiethnic imperial polities.

Sixteenth-century bestsellers -- The intellectual context: western views of Islam in the late Middle Ages -- The political context: Hapsburg-Ottoman relations in the sixteenth century -- Knowledge and depictions of Islam and the religious life of the Ottoman Turks in Reformation Germany -- Knowledge and depictions of the Turks -- Holy terror: depictions of the Islamic threat and its causes -- Holy war and its discontents: responses to the Ottoman advance -- Escaped slaves of the Turks: George of Hungary and Bartholomew Georgijevic -- Early modern transformations of the image of Islam in the west.

First published in 1986, this book presents a reissue of the first detailed confrontation between the Austrian school of economics and Austrian philosophy, especially the philosophy of the Brentano school. It contains a study of the roots of Austrian economics in the liberal political theory of the nineteenth-century Hapsburg empire, and a study of the relations between the general theory of value underlying Austrian economics and the new economic approach to human behaviour propounded by Gary Becker and others in Chicago. In addition, it considers the connections between Austrian methodology