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Part I: National security, the rise of presidential power, the rule of law, and the development of constitutional boundaries on political necessity and the war power -- The rise of presidential authority in times of national crisis -- The Supreme Court and presidential authority in times of national crisis -- World wars, the Red Scare, and free speech I: World War I, the first Red Scare (1917-1920), and free speech -- World wars, the Red Scare, and free speech II: World War II, the second Red Scare (1947-1957), free speech, and the loyalty oath cases -- Mr. Roosevelt and his camps -- President Truman and his steel -- Part II: September 11, 2001, terrorism, and the vindication of the rule of law -- September 11th, the War on Terrorism, and the judiciary -- Enemy combatants: is the president's designation enough? Hamdi et al. v. Rumsfeld -- Captured terrorists: Guantanamo Bay, military commissions, and habeas corpus -- The rule of law and the judiciary in times of crisis -- A summary of cases

Introduction /Yuichi Shionoya --1.Rational reconstruction of the German Historical School: an overview /Yuichi Shionoya --2.Adam Muller's 'Agronomische Briefe' /Tetsushi Harada --3.A lecture notebook of Wilhelm Roscher with special reference to his published works /Yukihiro Ikeda --4.Karl Knies's conception of political economy: the logical status of Analogie and Sitte /Jun Kobayashi --5.Lujo Brentano on the compulsory insurance system for workers in Germany /Sachio Kaku --6.Anonymous history in Austrian economic thought: from Carl Menger and Anton Menger to Friedrich von Wieser /Kiichiro Yagi --7.Gustav von Schmoller and Werner Sombart: a contrast in the historico-ethical method and social policy /Shin'ichi Tamura.

Understanding the evolution of charter school legislation and the expectations of legislators adopting this legislation is important to school boards and school administrators in Virginia. The purpose of this research project was to delineate the historical development of charter school legislation in Virginia. A non-emergent research design was used with two steps of data collection. The first step was a review of all charter school legislation, which covered the General Assembly Sessions 1994-2000, and the second step was a series of open-ended interviews with legislators and others who participated in the charter school legislative development. This study addressed the following research questions: 1. What changes did charter school legislation undergo before members of the Virginia General Assembly finally approved it for implementation? 2. What were the expectations of the legislators who sponsored charter school legislation? 3. What, if anything, either internal or external to the Virginia General Assembly, influenced the presenters of charter school legislation? 4. Did the enacted legislation that was adopted meet the expectations of the legislator who initiated charter school legislation? 5. Are legislators and others satisfied with the current status of charter school development in Virginia? Charter school legislative bills and related amendments from 1994 to 2000 were analyzed. Purposive and snowball sampling identified certain legislators as primary respondents, who were interviewed. After the interviews, the data were transcribed and analyzed using QSR NUDIST. A total of eight interviews were conducted, and all respondents gave permission to record the interviews. Six themes emerged from the interviews. These themes are 1) Partisan Politics, 2) Local Autonomy, 3) Accountability, 4) Choice, 5) Funding, and 6) Opposition. Charter school legislation is unique to each state. Also, one delegate individually championed charter school legislation in Virginia. There were some external influences (outside the Virginia General Assembly) opposing charter school legislation; primarily the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), the Virginia School Boards Association (VSBA), and the Virginia Education Association (VEA). Equally important, partisan politics and the opposition of the Black Caucus in the General Assembly were the two strongest internal factors in defeating early attempts at charter school passage. All interviewees reported being satisfied with the outcome of charter school legislation; however, several legislators indicated dissatisfaction with the apparent slow pace of school boards in each locality of holding public hearings to determine whether they will accept charter school applications. Additionally, accountability based upon student results, an alternative schooling opportunity for public school students, and a lottery method for student selection were important charter school characteristics for adoption. ; Ed. D.

So far Schumpeter's affinities with the German Historical School (GHS) have been inadequately acknowledged or even unexplored in major accounts of Schumpeter's work. This essay argues that Schumpeter formulated some of his principal theses in accordance with the conceptual framework of the GHS. Schumpeter's affinity with the GHS is established by examining his writings and his relationship with major scholars such as Schmoller, Max Weber and Sombart. It is demonstrated that Schumpeter's works built heavily on GHS insights, and he even referred positively to the ideas of certain of its members. However, some obvious differences between Schumpeter and the GHS are observed. The paper concludes that the GHS should inspire further research in evolutionary economics. © The Author 2008. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Cambridge Political Economy Society. All rights reserved.

PurposeThe purpose of this article is to study how the German historical schools are treated in the histories of economic thought as the background for an exploration of some historiographical issues in the history of economic thought.Design/methodology/approachThe study describes the contributions of the members of the German historical schools from a variety of different viewpoints and attitudes toward the history of economic thought.FindingsOne conclusion is that several of the things most of the economists of the German historical schools desired are now part of mainstream economics. These include an enlarged scope of economics, changes in the role of the state in economic life, attention to the relationships of law and economics and recognition of the importance of history. Another conclusion is that several historiographical and methodological problems important for the history of economic thought need further study.Originality/valueThe study helps to explain and understand some historiographical aspects of the history of economic thought. It examines practices, principles, theories, methodology and forms of presentation of scholarly historical research on one subject in the history of economic thought.