Suchergebnisse

This article is a general description of Spain's history of education and how it evolved in the 20th century. I analyze the characteristics of the educational system designed during the 19th century and the changes that took place during the country's political stages. I review the objectives and development of each teaching level, the school curricula, the professors, and their education. I also go over the extracurricular initiatives of this period and how they affected the student community. The review helps us understand the achievements that have been made and the limitations we face in the 21st century

During the late 18th and early 19th century the mentally ill who were not considered dangerous or too much of a nuisance were left to wander at will in the forests, towns, and country side. County jails as well as locked attics provided by frightened relatives were also common collecting places for the mentally ill. Departments of health, welfare or corrections did not exist and were not anticipated in the early farming and pioneer environment. As industrialization proceeded and both the nuisance value of the mentally ill increased in town and country, ad hoc committees composed of politicians and occasional clergymen, doctors or judges were formed The penitentiaries and asylums came into being through this process. The social reform movement came about in the mid 19th century. In New Brunswick which has the distinction of having had the first provincial asylum, the 1836 Report of the Commissioners had as a central theme the moral treatment of the insane

AbstractThe 20th century was the great age of Tudor parliamentary history. This essay examines the contributions and profound changes to the field made by the leading historians of the era, especially Sir John Neale and Sir Geoffrey Elton. Taking as its starting point the whiggish ideas of Stubbs's Constitutional History of England, it traces the impact of A.F. Pollard, G.M. Trevelyan, and Sir Lewis Namier on the field. At its core, though, lie the often acrimonious differences of opinion between Neale and his pupil, Elton. For Neale the Elizabethan parliaments were characterised by an increasingly puritanical Commons eager to wrest control of debates on religion and the succession away from the queen. In so doing this created a constitutional clash that would eventually lead to civil war in the mid 17th century. This 'orthodoxy' was savagely critiqued by a revisionist 'school' led by Elton that dismantled the interpretation of Neale and replaced it with an institution that was not dominated by political conflict but by largely consensual politics. It was also a position that gave equal weight to the Lords and to the importance of the business of parliament – legislation. The revisionists were masters of critique and highly effective at demolishing Neale, but did little to replace his theories or to explain religio‐political conflict – in doing so it could be argued that they killed the subject. The essay ends by suggesting some new approaches to Tudor parliaments that could help revitalise the subject.

Intro -- Contents -- Foreword -- I: Introductory -- 1 The Enlightenment and its Enemies -- 2 The Twentieth Century: Liberation or Catastrophe? -- 3 The Shifting Balance: A Changing Britain in a Changing World -- II: The German Wars -- 4 The First World War Reconsidered -- 5 War and Peace in 1914 -- 6 War and the Making of Nations -- 7 A Thirty Years' War? The Two World Wars in Historical Perspective -- 8 A Missed Opportunity? Britain and the German Resistance, 1938–1944 -- III: The Cold War -- 9 The Cold War: A Personal Retrospect -- 10 1945–1995: Fifty Years of European Peace -- 11 Cold War, Chill Peace -- 12 NATO: An Unhappy but Successful Marriage -- IV: Europe after the Cold War -- 13 What is 'Europe'? (For the Norwegians) -- 14 The European States-System in an Era of Change (For the Germans) -- 15 Britain, France, and the Making of Europe (For the French) -- V: The 'War against Terror' -- 16 War against Terrorism -- 17 September 11 and After -- 18 Keeping Order in a Global Society: Pax Americana or Global Policing? -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- X -- Y -- Z

An Intimate History of Killing: Face-to-face Killing in 20th-Century Warfare by Joanna Bourke is reviewed.

The translation history of Dostoevsky's works in China has been more than hundred years. In this paper the main stages of Dostoevsky's works translating into Chinese from a historical perspective was analyzed and the peculiarities of every stage during the translation history was pay more attention.