Suchergebnisse

The prevalence of large and extended families among sharecroppers in northern and central Italy during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries has been well documented in the historical demographic literature. Landlords relied on tenants' extended household structure to provide a large labor force that increased their income. In earlier centuries, however, landlords' involvement in agricultural production may have had little impact on household structure. Evidence from fifteenth‐century Tuscany illustrates that household extension was not as common among sharecroppers during this period of time. Qualitative analyses of personal correspondence and tax declarations from the fifteenth century suggest reasons why landlords' management techniques did not lead to household extension among sharecroppers. Unlike landlords in later periods of time, fifteenth‐century landlords relied more on rearranging plots of land than particular demographic practices, because land consolidation was still in progress and farms were not fixed geographically. In addition, during the earlier period of time, sharecropping was less institutionalized and landlords had less power over their tenants. These findings suggest that sharecropping, as a tenurial form, did not necessarily lead to household extension. Instead, the effect of the tenurial form depended on the nature of sharecropping and the degree of landlords' power.

Un vieux registre de famille de l'église métropolitaine Sainte-Marie de Changanacherry, au Kerala, a permis d'étudier 517 familles ; elles ont été réparties en utilisant la classification de Peter Laslett. On voit que 77 9/o sont des familles simples, les familles conjugales représentant 44 % du total. Environ 11 % seulement sont des familles larges. L'hypothèse retenue pour expliquer ces résultats est l'adoption par la population chrétienne du modèle de la succession en ligne directe.

Income inequality in Germany has been continuously increasing during the past 20 years. In general, this is understood as an increase in inequality of wages due to changes in bargaining power of employees. However, the role of changing household structure is widely neglected. Societal trends like a decline in birth rate and an increase in the risk of divorce affect per capita incomes, which has repercussions for the income distribution even if wages remain constant. The aim of this paper is to quantify the proportion of changing household structures in the increase in inequality. We find that the rise in inequality was indeed more due to changes of household structure and employment behavior rather than changes in wages. Moreover, a large part of this increase is compensated by the welfare state.

AbstractThis study examines demographic transitions in South African neighbourhoods by analysing household composition, the relation between household types and neighbourhood characteristics, and patterns of convergence and divergence of household structures in the City of Tshwane between 1996 and 2011 at neighbourhood level. The study finds the growth of households linked to high population in‐migration, ageing populations, declining birth rates and declining household size. Nuclear family households are declining in favour of single person households and extended family households. Spatially, nuclear family households are also increasingly clustering, while single person households are concentrating in rural areas. Associated with these shifts in household structures is increasing poverty and decreasing real household incomes, despite decreasing unemployment. The regressions indicate a club convergence, with single person households tending to poverty, racial segregation, migration, and inferior housing, whereas nuclear family households tending to locational stability, newer and housing, and high owner occupancy in housing. There is also a club convergence towards extended family households among poorer households in previously disadvantaged areas. Household structures still evidence historical inequalities, but racial diversity is increasing in predominantly white neighbourhoods, in association with declining neighbourhood poverty in those areas.