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When American forces arrived in Vietnam, they found themselves embedded in historical village and frontier spaces already shaped by past conflicts. American bases and bombing targets followed spatial and political logics influenced by the footprints of previous wars in central Vietnam, and these militarized landscapes continue to shape postwar land-use politics. Footprints of War traces the long history of conflict-produced spaces in Vietnam, beginning with early modern wars and the French colonial invasion in 1885 and continuing through the collapse of the Saigon government in 1975. Drawing on extensive archival research and years of interviews and fieldwork in the hills and villages around the city of Huế, David Biggs integrates historical geographic information system (GIS) data and uses aerial, high-altitude, and satellite imagery to render otherwise inscrutable sites as living, multidimensional spaces. This personal and multilayered approach yields an innovative history of the lasting traces of war in Vietnam and a model for understanding other militarized landscapes. ; When American forces arrived in Vietnam, they found themselves embedded in historic village and frontier spaces already shaped by many past conflicts. American bases and bombing targets followed spatial and political logics influenced by the footprints of past wars in central Vietnam. The militarized landscapes here, like many in the world's historic conflict zones, continue to shape post-war land-use politics. Footprints of War traces the long history of conflict-produced spaces in Vietnam, beginning with early modern wars and the French colonial invasion in 1885 and continuing through the collapse of the Saigon government in 1975. The result is a richly textured history of militarized landscapes that reveals the spatial logic of key battles such as the Tet Offensive. Drawing on extensive archival work and years of interviews and fieldwork in the hills and villages around the city of Hue to illuminate war's footprints, David Biggs also integrates historical Geographic Information Systems (GIS) data, using aerial, high-altitude, and satellite imagery to render otherwise placeless sites into living, multidimensional spaces. This personal and multilayered approach yields an innovative history of the lasting traces of war in Vietnam and a model for understanding other militarized landscapes. For more information visit the author's website: http://davidbiggs.net/

In 1970, when the Manitoba government commissioned a statue of Louis Riel, one of Canada's most significant (and most contentious) historical figures, the public expected a certain level of controversy. Commemorating an Indigenous francophone leader who was executed in 1885 for rebelling against the Canadian government was bound to elicit a certain level of resistance. Few, however, anticipated that the memorial would remain a topic of intense debate for the next 25 years. Yet, after 1995 when the statue was moved approximately 2.5 km from the Manitoba legislative grounds to the neighbourhood of Saint Boniface, the controversy all but disappeared. The question therefore arises: Why was the statue seen as objectionable in its first location, but as a successful commemorative project in its second? I argue that the statue's relocation effectively changed how it was perceived by the public. This was achieved through a combination of changes to the statue's environment, such as primary audience, physical surroundings and context markers, and an evolution of how Riel was remembered over time.

Intro -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- How To Use This Book -- Research Topics for Defining Moments: The Battle of Gettysburg -- Narrative Overview -- Prologue -- Chapter One Slavery Threatens the Union -- Chapter Two America Erupts into Civil War -- Chapter Three Armies Gather Near Gettysburg -- Chapter Four The Battle is Joined -- Chapter Five Pickett's Charge and Lee's Retreat -- Chapter Six The War Draws to a Close -- Chapter Seven Legacy of the Battle of Gettysburg -- Biographies -- Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain (1828-1914) -- Ulysses S. Grant (1822-1885) -- Winfield Scott Hancock (1824-1886) -- Robert E. Lee (1807-1870) -- Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865) -- James Longstreet (1821-1904) -- George G. Meade (1815-1872) -- George E. Pickett (1825-1875) -- J. E. B. "Jeb" Stuart (1833-1864) -- Primary Sources -- The Army of Northern Virginia Invades Pennsylvania -- Lee's Army Advances to Gettysburg -- Impressions of the Battle from a British Observer -- Longstreet and Lee Debate Strategy before the Second Day of Battle -- Chamberlain Describes the Battle of Little Round Top -- Meade Decides to Stay Put after Day Two at Gettysburg -- A Rebel Officer Remembers Pickett's Charge -- A Yankee Soldier Recalls Pickett's Charge -- A Northern Newspaper Hails the Victory at Gettysburg -- General Lee Writes Home after Gettysburg -- Lincoln's Unsent Letter to Meade -- Lincoln's Gettysburg Address -- Woodrow Wilson Addresses Civil War Veterans at Gettysburg -- A Civil War Historian Reflects on Gettysburg -- Important People, Places, and Terms -- Chronology -- Sources for Further Study -- Bibliography -- Photo and Illustration Credits -- Index.

International audience ; La relégation des récidivistes : enjeux politique et pénal La loi du 27 mai 1885, dite loi sur la relégation des récidivistes, représente une date importante dans l'histoire pénale française. Cette loi introduit effectivement en droit pénal le principe de dangerosité et aménage une présomption irréfragable d'incorrigibilité censée mesurer le degré de dangerosité d'un criminel ou d'un délinquant récidiviste. Loi d'élimination sociale comme la décline ses promoteurs, la relégation s'articule comme une peine secondaire qui s'ajoute à une peine principale et se traduit par une mesure de sûreté et d'éloignement prise contre des condamnés jugés « incorrigibles ». La relégation va ainsi permettre à une puissance coloniale de se débarrasser de 1887 à 1938 de près de 22 163 condamnés : 4 270 relégués en Nouvelle-Calédonie (1887-1897) et 17 375 en Guyane (1887-1938). Les cibles de cette loi sont des délinquants récidivistes condamnés pour des motifs de vol simple ou de vagabondage aggravé et la relégation est essentiellement prononcée par des tribunaux correctionnels. Pour se prononcer, le magistrat est simplement tenu de comptabiliser le nombre de condamnations inscrites au casier judiciaire d'un prévenu ou d'un condamné et si ce nombre emporte une des combinaisons prévues par le quantum de la loi, il est obligé à l'issue de son verdict de prononcer la relégation. Ce résultat, aussi surprenant qu'il puisse paraître, est issu de la volonté d'un homme, Léon Gambetta et de ses successeurs opportunistes au Parlement tout au long d'un débat qui mobilise députés et sénateurs durant près de deux ans (1883-1885). Cette loi, si sévère soit-elle, s'inscrit au sein d'une réforme pénale qui tient compte des principales conclusions dégagés par des experts du crimes et des peines à partir de la seconde moitié du XIXème siècle et s'articule autour d'une nouvelle lecture de la criminalité qui fait désormais autorité à partir de 1880. Cette dernière se décline en deux chapitres auxquels il faut adapter la réponse répressive afin de conjurer au mieux les chiffres délivrés par la statistique judiciaire qui ne cessent depuis 1825 d'indiquer une hausse alarmante du nombre de délits produits en récidive. La relégation correspond ainsi au premier volet d'une réforme pénale qui envisage désormais les criminels et les délinquants en deux entités distinctes : les criminels et les délinquants de profession ou incorrigibles, ceux contre qui l'emprisonnement est totalement inutile et qui manifestent par la réitération de leurs crimes et de leurs délits leur incorrigibilité avérée, leur témébilité spéciale, et les criminels et les délinquants d'accident, ceux qui n'en sont qu'à leur première infraction et qu'il faut coûte que coûte préserver du contact corrupteur des prisons. Le dispositif mis en place à partir de 1881 contre la récidive par les républicains opportunistes consacre ainsi l'échec de l'option pénitentiaire et lui substitue une réponse originale qui s'articule autour d'une mesure d'élimination, la relégation promulguée le 27 mai 1885, et d'une mesure de prévention, la loi sur la libération conditionnelle promulguée le 14

International audience ; La relégation des récidivistes : enjeux politique et pénal La loi du 27 mai 1885, dite loi sur la relégation des récidivistes, représente une date importante dans l'histoire pénale française. Cette loi introduit effectivement en droit pénal le principe de dangerosité et aménage une présomption irréfragable d'incorrigibilité censée mesurer le degré de dangerosité d'un criminel ou d'un délinquant récidiviste. Loi d'élimination sociale comme la décline ses promoteurs, la relégation s'articule comme une peine secondaire qui s'ajoute à une peine principale et se traduit par une mesure de sûreté et d'éloignement prise contre des condamnés jugés « incorrigibles ». La relégation va ainsi permettre à une puissance coloniale de se débarrasser de 1887 à 1938 de près de 22 163 condamnés : 4 270 relégués en Nouvelle-Calédonie (1887-1897) et 17 375 en Guyane (1887-1938). Les cibles de cette loi sont des délinquants récidivistes condamnés pour des motifs de vol simple ou de vagabondage aggravé et la relégation est essentiellement prononcée par des tribunaux correctionnels. Pour se prononcer, le magistrat est simplement tenu de comptabiliser le nombre de condamnations inscrites au casier judiciaire d'un prévenu ou d'un condamné et si ce nombre emporte une des combinaisons prévues par le quantum de la loi, il est obligé à l'issue de son verdict de prononcer la relégation. Ce résultat, aussi surprenant qu'il puisse paraître, est issu de la volonté d'un homme, Léon Gambetta et de ses successeurs opportunistes au Parlement tout au long d'un débat qui mobilise députés et sénateurs durant près de deux ans (1883-1885). Cette loi, si sévère soit-elle, s'inscrit au sein d'une réforme pénale qui tient compte des principales conclusions dégagés par des experts du crimes et des peines à partir de la seconde moitié du XIXème siècle et s'articule autour d'une nouvelle lecture de la criminalité qui fait désormais autorité à partir de 1880. Cette dernière se décline en deux chapitres auxquels il faut adapter la réponse répressive afin de conjurer au mieux les chiffres délivrés par la statistique judiciaire qui ne cessent depuis 1825 d'indiquer une hausse alarmante du nombre de délits produits en récidive. La relégation correspond ainsi au premier volet d'une réforme pénale qui envisage désormais les criminels et les délinquants en deux entités distinctes : les criminels et les délinquants de profession ou incorrigibles, ceux contre qui l'emprisonnement est totalement inutile et qui manifestent par la réitération de leurs crimes et de leurs délits leur incorrigibilité avérée, leur témébilité spéciale, et les criminels et les délinquants d'accident, ceux qui n'en sont qu'à leur première infraction et qu'il faut coûte que coûte préserver du contact corrupteur des prisons. Le dispositif mis en place à partir de 1881 contre la récidive par les républicains opportunistes consacre ainsi l'échec de l'option pénitentiaire et lui substitue une réponse originale qui s'articule autour d'une mesure d'élimination, la relégation promulguée le 27 mai 1885, et d'une mesure de prévention, la loi sur la libération conditionnelle promulguée le 14

Das 19. Jahrhundert war nicht nur das Jahrhundert der Industrialisierung, Urbanisierung, Motorisierung und Beschleunigung aller geschäftlichen Abläufe, es war auch (schulpolitisch) das Jahrhundert der Konfrontation von Neuhumanismus und Realismus. Bei der Suche nach einem allgemein anerkannten Bildungsweg neben dem Gymnasium ging es, trotz fortschreitender Technisierung, immer noch um das Abwägen zwischen "Bildung" oder "Brauchbarkeit" und eine Koexistenz zweier eigener Bildungswege war lange Zeit nicht in Sicht. Ein bedeutender Teil des um Anerkennung ringenden realistischen Schulwesens waren die kauf­männischen Vollzeitschulen. In deren Ent­stehung und Entwicklung geben die 22 Biographien von Männern Einblick, die die Herausforderungen ihrer Zeit früher als andere erkannten und eine auf (theoretischem) Wissen basierte Berufsausbildung von Kaufleuten und Fabrikanten gegen vielfältige Wider­stände fast ausschließlich in privaten Einrichtungen vorangetrieben haben. Sie waren wichtige Schrittmacher bei der Verbürgerlichung der Gesellschaft, Männer, die mit ihrem Fort­schrittsdenken den Weg in die Moderne zu ebnen halfen. Denn während Teile der Kaufmannschaft teils aus Profitstreben, teils aber auch zur Wahrung der alten Gesellschaftsordnung noch strikt an der überkommenen (ausschließlich "betriebsgebunde­nen") Ausbildungsform fest halten wollten, hatten die Betreiber von kaufmännischen Vollzeitschulen bereits begriffen, dass sich die Prozeduren der Erwerbs­qualifikation ändern mussten, wenn die Kaufleute auf den sich formierenden globalen Märkten bestehen wollten. Es sind sehr komplexe Ereignisse und Entwicklungen des 19. Jahrhunderts, die in diesem Buch nachgezeichnet und teilweise auch bewertet worden sind. Dennoch: Dieses Buch bietet längst noch keine abschließende Darstellung, sondern nimmt lediglich den Status einer "arbeitssparenden Vorarbeit" in Anspruch, die hier und da der Berichtigung, aber auf jeden Fall der Ergänzung und des Ausbaus bedarf. Zahlreiche Angaben vor allem von älterer Literatur sollen helfen, eine breite und vielfältige Quellenbasis zu erschließen und Spuren zu si­chern. Und die Auflistung der zahlreichen Neu­gründungen kaufmännischer Vollzeitschulen, die vielfach "Schulversuchen" gleich kamen, soll einen Einblick in die Breite der Reform-Bewegung geben. Beiträge über: Abraham Adler (1850 - 1922) Eduard Gottlieb Amthor (1820-1884) Ernst Wilhelm Arnoldi (1778-1841) Friedrich Gottlieb Becker (1792-1865) Albert Benser (1833 - 1898) Leopold Carl Bleibtreu (1796 - 1865) Heinrich Brentano (1810 - 1887) Heinrich Brutzer (1795 - 1872) Adolph Gutbier (1800 - 1875) Friedrich Heldmann (1776 - 1838) Leonhard Keil jun. (1788 - 1821) Arnold Lindwurm (1833 - 1911) Carl Gustav Odermann (1815 - 1904) Franz Anton Passaquay (1750 - 1828) (Johann) Georg Prottengeier (1830 - 1885) Matthias Reischle (1813 - 1897) Wilhelm Röhrich (1820 - 1908) August Schiebe (1779 - 1851) Johann Stahlmann (1842 - 1910) Friedrich Süpke (1796 - 1862) Carl Wolfrum (1825 - 1907) Bruno Zieger (1860 - 1908)

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- George Washington First Inaugural Address Thursday, April 30, 1789 -- George Washington Second Inaugural Address Monday, March 4, 1793 -- John Adams Inaugural Address Saturday, March 4, 1797 -- Thomas Jefferson First Inaugural Address Wednesday, March 4, 1801 -- Thomas Jefferson Second Inaugural Address Monday, March 4, 1805 -- James Madison First Inaugural Address Saturday, March 4, 1809 -- James Madison Second Inaugural Address Thursday, March 4, 1813 -- James Monroe First Inaugural Address Tuesday, March 4, 1817 -- James Monroe Second Inaugural Address Monday, March 5, 1821 -- John Quincy Adams Inaugural Address Friday, March 4, 1825 -- Andrew Jackson First Inaugural Address Wednesday, March 4, 1829 -- Andrew Jackson Second Inaugural Address Monday, March 4, 1833 -- Martin Van Buren Inaugural Address Monday, March 4, 1837 -- William Henry Harrison Inaugural Address Thursday, March 4, 1841 -- James Knox Polk Inaugural Address Tuesday, March 4, 1845 -- Zachary Taylor Inaugural Address Monday, March 5, 1849 -- Franklin Pierce Inaugural Address Friday, March 4, 1853 -- James Buchanan Inaugural Address Wednesday, March 4, 1857 -- Abraham Lincoln First Inaugural Address Monday, March 4, 1861 -- Abraham Lincoln Second Inaugural Address Saturday, March 4, 1865 -- Ulysses S. Grant First Inaugural Address Thursday, March 4, 1869 -- Ulysses S. Grant Second Inaugural Address Tuesday, March 4, 1873 -- Rutherford B. Hayes Inaugural Address Monday, March 5, 1877 -- James A. Garfield Inaugural Address Friday, March 4, 1881 -- Grover Cleveland First Inaugural Address Wednesday, March 4, 1885 -- Benjamin Harrison Inaugural Address Monday, March 4, 1889 -- Grover Cleveland Second Inaugural Address Saturday, March 4, 1893 -- William McKinley First Inaugural Address Thursday, March 4, 1897.

On behalf of El Paso Natural Gas Company, LLC (EPNG), SWCA Environmental Consultants (SWCA) conducted an intensive cultural resources survey on a portion of the proposed 17.0-mile-long (27.4- kilometer [km]) EPNG Mainline Expansion Project (Project) that crosses public lands administered by the Texas General Land Office (GLO) and the Clint Independent School District (CISD) in El Paso and Hudspeth Counties, Texas. Investigations were conducted in support of EPNG's filing of a standard 7c application with the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC). The 17-mile proposed project is one component of a larger project that includes construction in the states of Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas. Project activities would occur at three distinct locations along the EPNG's existing South Mainline system including construction and operation of a new 17-mile-long loop line and construction and operation of two new compressor stations. In Texas, the proposed project consists of the construction of an approximate 17-mile, 30-inch outside diameter loop line extension in El Paso and Hudspeth Counties, Texas. This report addresses only the portions of the 17-mile loop extension on Texas public lands. The public lands component of the project includes 1.85 miles of 300-foot-wide corridor (67.3 acres) on three GLO properties (i.e., parcels 0003.000.00.00-HU-TX, 0004.000.00.00-HU-TX, and 0125.000.00.00-EP-TX) and 0.15 mile of 300-foot-wide corridor (5.5 acres) on one CISD property (parcel 0064.000.00.00-EP-TX). Cultural resources investigations were conducted on the public lands to comply with the Antiquities Code of Texas, as the agencies administering those lands are political subdivisions of the State of Texas. Additionally, as the project is subject to FERC review and the project may cross waters of the U.S. under jurisdiction of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, work was performed in support of EPNG's compliance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (54 U.S.C. 306108) and its implementing regulations (36 Code of Federal Regulations [CFR] 800). Impacts associated with the construction of the pipeline will occur within a variable width construction right-of-way (ROW) measuring 60 feet wide in residential areas and 180 feet wide in dunal areas, but averaging 90 feet wide. For the 2.0 miles of cultural resources survey on public lands, SWCA investigated a 300-foot-wide corridor to give EPNG options for the ultimate centerline placement. The anticipated typical depth of construction impacts is approximately 6 feet below ground surface, although, in dunal areas, the depth of impacts will be approximately 9 feet; however, subsurface impacts are anticipated to extend up to 12 feet below ground surface via subsurface bores to avoid impacts to areas with existing infrastructure and drainages. The project area of potential effects (APE) on public lands consists of approximately 10,500 feet (2.0 miles) of 300-foot-wide survey corridor encompassing 72.7 acres, which includes 7.3 acres of permanent 30-foot-wide ROW and 12.1 acres of construction corridor. Included within the 300-foot-wide survey corridor are proposed access roads for the project that consist of existing 15- to 25-foot-wide gravel access roads for several previously constructed pipelines that parallel the current APE. Investigations included a cultural resources background review and literature search of the APE and an intensive pedestrian survey of the APE augmented with shovel testing. SWCA's background review indicated that 11 previous cultural resources surveys have been conducted within a 1-mile radius of the APE. Seven of the 11 previously surveyed project areas intersect the APE or are adjacent to (within 300 feet of) the APE; the remainder of the previous survey areas are within the 1-mile buffer, but due to their distance to the APE, will not be traversed by the planned construction. None of the seven previous cultural surveys intersect or are adjacent to the four public land parcels discussed in this report. The review also indicates that 40 previously recorded archaeological sites are within a 1-mile buffer of the APE; however, only four sites (i.e., 41EP868, 41EP4768, 41EP5490, and 41HZ234) appear to be intersected by, or within 300 feet of, the APE. None of these four sites are located within any of the public lands. The closest previous site to a public land parcel is 41HZ234, which is located just within the northern boundary of the 300-foot-wide survey corridor but is several hundred feet outside the northern boundary of parcel 0004.000.00.00-HU-TX on private property. Because of the current survey effort, SWCA recorded one new archaeological site (41HZ803). Owing to the paucity or commonality of recovered assemblages, lack of features, lack of unique character, and/or lack of contextual integrity, this resource possesses negligible research value and is unlikely to contribute new or important information regarding local and/or regional prehistory. Consequently, no further work is recommended for 41HZ803.

Die Korrelation der Kulturphänomene Technik und Recht wird im ersten Teil der Arbeit unter dem Schlagwort des »Technikrechts« als Querschnittsmaterie beleuchtet. Im zweiten Teil erfolgt eine Darstellung der Geschichte der Rechtswissenschaft am heutigen Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) seit Gründung des Großherzoglich Badischen Polytechnikums im Jahr 1825. Im Kontext dieser bislang wenig beachteten historischen Entwicklung, die sich in vergleichbarer Weise an allen heutigen Technischen Universitäten vollzog, kann das komplexe Verhältnis von Technik und Recht konkret nachvollzogen werden. In Forschung und Lehre an Technischen Universitäten ist die Rechtswissenschaft heute insbesondere in wirtschafts- und techniknahen, häufig auch informationsrechtlichen Bereichen, fest verankert. Anstelle des tradierten Wettlaufes von Technik und Recht verschmelzen beide Felder künftig weiter miteinander, was sich etwa in einem neuen Studiengang zum »Legal Tech Engineer« abbilden könnte. / »The Race between Technology and Law« -- The complex relation of the cultural phenomena technology and law is being examined from a historical perspective and reflected under consideration of the development of jurisprudence and law faculties at today's Technical Universities in Germany. A technical and business-oriented legal education and legal research have been taking place at these institutions for approximately 200 years, as an analysis of the development of law in the history of Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) and other comparable institutions demonstrates. With society's increasing technologisation and digitisation, this area of jurisprudence has become more significant overall. In research and teaching at Technical Universities, jurisprudence is therefore firmly rooted, especially in all areas of information law. The race between technology and law could therefore lead to an entwinement of technology and law which could be supported institutionally by a corresponding postgraduate course on »legal tech engineering« at Technical Universities, as it would already find multiple uses within many legal fields of work

To compose the experiment, 160 male Topgen pigs - 80 surgically castrated (treatment 1) and 80 immunocastrated (treatment 2) - were randomly selected from a commercial swine farm at the moment of slaughter. Surgical castration was performed when the animals were seven days of age and immunocastration was performed by administering two doses (2 mL each) of immunocastration vaccine (analogue of GnRF linked to a carrier protein, development of anti-GnRF antibodies, 200 mg of a GnRF-protein conjugate/mL) when they were 104 and 132 days of age. Animals from both treatments were maintained in masonry stalls, where they received water and ad libitum diet (the same feed for both groups). The animals were slaughtered at 160 days of age, and the length and width of the testicles of immunocastrated animals were evaluated, along with the degree and number of carcass lesions, carcass traits and meat quality of both treatments. The means of these measurements were calculated and compared by Student´s t-test. For the immunocastrated treatment, Pearson´s correlation coefficients were also calculated for testicle length and width with backfat thickness. Approximately 80% of the immunocastrated animals had testicle widths of 11 cm or less. Immunocastrated animals showed higher degrees of lesions, pH (initial and 8 hours), hue, muscle depth and loin eye area and lower brightness, redness, chroma and backfat thickness than the surgically castrated animals. The correlation between testicle length and width with backfat thickness was inverse. Immunocastration can be an alternative to improve the proportion of lean meat (longissimus thoracis) instead of fat (backfat thickness) leading to better carcass and meat quality, since fat has become undesirable from a nutritional point of view in swine.

Chinese railroad workers and the US transcontinental railroad in global perspective / Gordon H. Chang -- Chinese labor migrants to the Americas in the nineteenth century : an inquiry into who they were and the world they left behind / Evelyn Hu-DeHart -- The view from home : dreams of Chinese railroad workers across the Pacific / Zhang Guoxiong, with Roland Hsu -- Overseas remittances of Chinese railroad workers in North America / Yuan Ding, with Roland Hsu -- Chinese railroad workers' remittance networks : insights based on qiaoxiang documents / Liu Jin, with Roland Hsu -- Archaeological contributions to research on Chinese railroad workers in North America / Barbara L. Voss -- Living between misery and triumph : the material practices of Chinese railroad workers in North America / Barbara L. Voss -- Landscapes of change : culture, nature, and the archaeological heritage of transcontinental railroads in the North American West / Kelly J. Dixon -- The health and well-being of Chinese railroad workers / J. Ryan Kennedy, Sarah Heffner, Virginia Popper, Ryan P. Harrod, and John J. Crandall -- Religion on the road : how Chinese migrants adapted popular religion to an American context / Kathryn Gin Lum -- Tracking memory : encounters between Chinese railroad workers and Native Americans / Hsinya Huang -- Railroad frames : landscapes and the Chinese railroad worker in photography, 1865-1869 / Denise Khor -- Les fils du ciel : European travelers' accounts of Chinese railroad workers / Greg Robinson -- The Chinese railroad worker in United States history textbooks : a historical genealogy, 1849-1965 / William Gow -- Representing Chinese railroad workers in North America : Chinese historiography and literature, 1949-2015 / Yuan Shu -- History lessons : remembering Chinese railroad workers in Dragon's gate and Donald Duk / Pin-chia Feng -- The Chinese as railroad builders after Promontory / Shelley Fisher Fishkin -- The construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway and the transpacific Chinese diaspora, 1880-1885 / Zhongping Chen -- Beyond railroad work : Chinese contributions to the development of Winnemucca and Elko, Nevada / Sue Fawn Chung -- The remarkable life of a sometimes railroad worker : Chin Gee Hee, 1844-1929 / Beth Lew-Williams -- The Chinese and the Stanfords : nineteenth-century America's fraught relationship with the China Men / Gordon H. Chang

The relations between political citizenship, sovereignty and public education are studied in the first republican trials on the rioplatense coast, showing contact points with the Spanish mainland between 1812 and 1822. We propose a chronological cut in which these sovereign entities believe that it is necessary to establish citizenship criteria that exclude the peninsular in the River Plata and distinguishes between Spanish and Spanish citizens on the peninsula, coinciding approximately with the period from the sanction of the Constitution of Cádiz to the distance from the war of Independence of the Lieutenant. The relationship between the state and national levels and the governmental forms prior to the construction of the national states is problematic and criteria have been established for discussing the issue of the creation of a legitimate authority in the early 1820s. Links are established between public education projects and the definition of political citizenship. There are mainly plans to create political legitimacy through the creation of extended citizenship promoted in the future by means of public education outside the traditional fields of education of the elites. On the rioplatense coast, as in mainland Spain, deadlines and conditions are laid down for the establishment of this public education, which is one of the foundations of an enlarged citizenship that does not exist at a time of profound and original changes in the Faculty of Humanities and Education Sciences. ; In this article, the connections between political citizenship and public education arising during the first Republican years in the River Plate littoral provinces are studied in order to show their links to the European peninsular context between 1812 and 1825. A chronological reading is posited, in which these sovereign entities conceive of the need to establish criteria for citizenship excluding peninsulars in the River Plate and distinguishing between Spaniard and Spanish citizen in the peninsula; this reading coincides ...

Gengyao Hu,1,2,* Na Yuan,1,* Yuanhang Pan,1,* Bi Wang,1 Xiaoli Wang,1 Zezhi Wang,1 Ze Chen,1 Yonghong Liu1 1Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China; 2Department of Neurology, Xi'an People's Hospital (Xi'an Fourth Hospital), Xi'an, 710061, People's Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Yonghong LiuDepartment of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), Xi'an, People's Republic of ChinaTel +86 13991236602Email liuyhong@fmmu.edu.cnStudy Objectives: To evaluate clinical and electrophysiological features of sleep-related head jerk (SRHJ) and electromyographic activity of superficial neck muscles during head jerk.Methods: Totally, 850 cases with video-polysomnography recording were collected, among which 50 presented with SRHJ. In these 50 patients, 15 underwent electromyography (EMG) check on bilateral sternocleidomastoid (SCM) and trapezius muscles as well as chin, while 35 had only chin EMG check. Further, the sensitivity and specificity of the both EMGs were calculated and compared.Results: Six among the 50 SRHJ patients had a primary complaint of involuntary head jerks associated with impaired sleep. Approximately 76.1% of head jerks occurred during REM sleep with the median head jerk index of 5.9/h, 64.5% of which were associated with electroencephalogram arousals and 66.4% with body movements. One patient showed SRHJ predominantly in NREM sleep but also in wakefulness. Surface EMG of SCM/trapezius muscles showed a sensitivity of 92% and a specificity of 97.8%, whereas chin EMG had a sensitivity of 14.5% and a specificity of 98.8%.Conclusion: SRHJ was associated with electroencephalogram arousals and might interfere with sleep. Surface EMG of SCM/trapezius muscles exhibited a good accuracy in the revelation of SRHJ.Keywords: sleep-related head jerk, neck myoclonus, movement disorder, video-polysomnography, electromyography

Die vorliegende Arbeit beschreibt die langfristigen Entwicklungen der Gesundheitsverhältnisse der Bevölkerung mit Hilfe historische Sozialindikatoren. Dabei wird an bestehende Entwürfe von Sozialindikatorensystemen zur Beschreibung der Gesundheitsverhältnisse in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland angeknüpft. Maßgebend für die Auswahl der Gesundheitsindikatoren war das von Christof Helberger vorgeschlagene System sozialer Indikatoren für das Gesundheitssystem der BRD (Helberger, C., 1976: Soziale Indikatoren für das Gesundheitswesen der BRD. Ansätze, Probleme, Ergebnisse, in: Allgemeines Statistisches Archiv 60 (1976), S. 29 – 63). "Die vorliegenden Indikatorensysteme bedürfen jedoch einer Modifikation aufgrund der spezifischen Datenlage. Es müssen einerseits "gröbere" Indikatoren gewählt werden, was verschärfte Interpretationsprobleme nach sich zieht, andererseits können solche Indikatoren keine Anwendung finden, für die kein geeignetes Datenmaterial existiert
Der zeitliche Rahmen der Untersuchung erstreckt sich, wenn die Datenlage es ermöglicht, vom Anfang des 19. Jahrhunderts bis zum Jahre 1975.
Bei der Quantifizierung der Indikatoren bereitete das Fehlen einer umfassenden "Historischen Medizinalstatistik" erhebliche methodische Probleme. Zur Erstellung der Zeitreihen mußte vielfach der mühsame Weg der Datenkompilation aus periodischen Quellenwerken eingeschlagen werden. Neben dem langfristigen historischen Vergleich wird der Aspekt der sozialen Ungleichheit am Beispiel der Säuglingssterb¬lichkeit analysiert. Die schichtspezifische Säuglingssterb¬lichkeit wird sowohl im synchronen als auch im diachronen Vergleich zur Darstellung gebracht. Es wird davon ausgegangen, daß schichtspezifische Unterschiede der Säuglingssterblichkeit eine gewisse Prädiktoreigenschaft für andere Ungleichheitsstrukturen im Gesundheitsbereich besitzen. Doch dürfen hierbei Analogieschlüsse nicht überstrapaziert werden. Im zweiten Kapitel wird die Mortalitätsentwicklung dargestellt. In engem Zusammenhang damit steht der Wandel im Todesursachenspektrum. Die Darstellung der Morbiditäts- und Unfallentwicklung folgt in den Kapiteln vier und fünf. Mit Kapitel sechs - Gesundheitsverhalten - werden die Output-Indikatoren abgeschlossen. Die Kapitel sieben bis neun sind der Darstellung der Entwicklung von Input-Indikatoren gewidmet. Dazu zählen die infrastrukturelle wie personelle Gesundheitsversorgung, die Gesundheitsvorsorge und die Gesundheitskosten" Rothenbacher, F., 1982, a. a. O., S. 338f).




Datentabellen in HISTAT:
A. Mortalitätsentwicklung
A.01 Entwicklung der durchschnittlichen Lebenserwartung für ausgewählte vollendete Altersjahre (1871-1976)
A.02 Entwicklung der Säuglingssterblichkeit in Preußen (1816-1900)
A.03 Entwicklung der Säuglingssterblichkeit im Deutschen Reich und in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (1901-1976)
A.04 Die Konzentration der Säuglingssterblichkeit auf den ersten Lebensmonat, Deutsches Reich und Bundesrepublik Deutschland (1881-1970)
A.05a Entwicklung der Sterbefälle an ausgewählten Todesursachen, auf 10.000 Einwohner (1892-1975)
A.05b Entwicklung der Sterbefälle an ausgewählten Todesursachen, in % aller Sterbefälle (1892-1975)

B. Morbiditätsentwicklung
B.01 Entwicklung der krankheitsbedingten Arbeitsunfähigkeitstage unter Mitgliedern der AOK (1885-1975)
B.02 Entwicklung der gewerblichen Unfallhäufigkeit, Unfallversicherungsstatistik (1886-1975)
B.03 Entwicklung der Straßenverkehrsunfälle und der bei Straßenverkehrsunfällen Getöteten und Verletzten (1907-1975)
C. Gesundheitsverhalten
C.01 Entwicklung des Tabakkonsums in Deutschland (1850-1975)
C.02 Entwicklung des Alkoholkonsums in Deutschland (1875-1975)
D. Infrastrukturelle Versorgung
D.01 Entwicklung der Heil- und Irrenanstalten in Preußen (1822-1871)
D.02 Entwicklung der Krankenhäuser in Deutschland (1877-1975)
D.03 Entwicklung der Ärzte, Zahnärzte, Hebammen in Preußen, pro 10.000 Einwohner (1825-1871)
D.04 Entwicklung der Ärzte, Zahnärzte, Apotheker und Krankenschwestern und –pfleger in Deutschland, pro 10.000 Einwohner (1876-1975)
E. Gesundheitsvorsorge
E.01 Entwicklung der Krankenversichertenquote (1882-1975)

E.02 Entwicklung der Nicht-Krankenversichertenquote in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (1960-1975)
F. Gesundheitskosten
F.01 Entwicklung der Quote der Gesundheitsausgaben am Bruttosozialprodukt (1925-1974)
F.02 Entwicklung der Quote der Gesundheitsausgaben am Bruttosozialprodukt und an den Staatsausgaben (1913-1958)

The article sheds light on the history of deep-sea diver training in Warnemünde and Stralsund in the German Democratic Republic. The author describes his own training as a deep-sea diver on the basis of a private diary in which he kept a record of his assignments at the time. It was in 1956, at what was then the Institut für Hochseefischerei und Fischverarbeitung (Institute for Deep-Sea Fishery and Fish Processing) in Rostock, that the first diving group was established for research purposes. The training was carried out by the VEB Schiffsbergung und Taucherei (State-Owned Enterprise for Ship Salvage and Diving) in Stralsund (1950-1963) which later became the VEB Bagger-, Bugsier- und Bergungsreederei (State-Owned Enterprise Dredger, Towboat and Salvage Company) of Rostock. Winkler experienced his first assignment "under the helmet" on 21 February 1957 in the Alter Strom (Old Stream) in Warnemünde, from the lifting vessel HÜ 2, a barge with a lifting jack. Among other things, the author describes his repair tasks, the removal of plank pilings and the recovery of derelicts as well as scrap, giving detailed accounts of the equipment. Further
topics are the social conditions during the training phase, and the examination requirements.
The "Enactment on the Training and Examination for the Attainment of the Certificate of
Competence as Commercial Diver and Diving Signaller" passed on 10 April 1975 represented a new legal basis for the practise of this occupation in the German Democratic Republic. A distinction was now made between helmet diving and swim diving. Winkler's final examination was at the same time his final assignment wearing heavy helmet/tube diving equipment. Nowadays, diving for research purposes is the responsibility of trained scientists. Certified research divers are insured via their employers by their respective professional associations. The universities of Kiel, Oldenburg, Munich and Rostock and the Biologische Anstalt (Marine Biological Station) on Helgoland offer an additional qualification as "licensed research diver". Rostock is the only location in Germany which trains approximately twelve research divers per year.