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Developing countries, such as Namibia, need to bridge the existing infrastructure gap to improve the country's comparative advantage, economic growth and competitiveness, quality of life and the welfare of its citizens. As traditional sources of finance dwindle, Pension Fund savings need to be pooled to complement traditional sources of funding, such as government budgetary allocations, borrowing and user fees. Although infrastructure's economic and financial characteristics are a match to Pension Fund liabilities, Namibia's Pension Fund investment in infrastructure lags behind world-class benchmarks. This study investigated the factors that hinder Pension Fund investment in infrastructure in Namibia. The study employed a mixed-method research method and convergent parallel data collection processes. The study obtained a representative sample to participate in the survey from a population of NAMFISA registered Pension Fund and investment managers using a combination of the stratified random and simple random sampling techniques as part of primary data collection. The financial characteristics that make infrastructure assets attractive such as; long term, low sensitivity to economic swings, a low correlation with other assets and long term and inflation hedged returns makes them suitable for Pension Fund investments. The study confirms findings of previous studies by Beeferman, (2008); Ehlers, (2014); Inderst & Della Croce, (2013); Sy, (2017) and Thierie & Moor (2016), amongst others, revealed factors such as; a lack of a project pipeline, a lack of expertise by Pension Funds in infrastructure investments, Pension Fund regulation and a lack of financial instruments and assets that match Pension Funds are barriers to Pension Fund investment in infrastructure. The lack of a project pipeline is further attributable to issues such as infrastructure projects that are not sufficiently developed or viable on their own without some form of government support, inefficiencies in public procurement and public-private partnership policies and a lack of project preparation funding. The study recommends the following initiatives by policymakers and key stakeholders towards increasing Pension Fund investment in infrastructure: firstly, government and state-owned institutions responsible for public services should implement policies that will increase the pipeline of bankable and implementable projects. The National Development Plans (NDP5), the Harambee Prosperity plans and the Vision 2030 already identify projects; however, institutionstasked with infrastructure development need to develop implementation modelsthat are viable and bankable. The development plans need to be coordinated across the various levels iii of government and state-owned enterprises for effective implementation. Secondly, it is recommended that policymakers create the necessary conditions for Public Procurement and Public Private Partnership Policies to gain confidence amongst investors. Rooting out corruption and ensuring processes are transparent and fair to all stakeholders can have the effect of creating investor confidence in the two policies. The financial institutions, especially with a developmental angle, should support the public institutions with project preparation funding and technical assistance during project planning/development. Thirdly, the government, through the regulators, NAMFISA, are advised to continue with the implementation of policies aimed at increasing the limit on assets held with unlisted investment managers to allow increased Pension Fund investment in infrastructure without compromising the performance (return) and risk exposure. The financial regulators, NAMFISA and the Bank of Namibia should encourage the growth of the local financial sector to increase the quality and quantity of financial instruments available to investors and increase the depth of the financial sector to absorb local funding capacity. Lastly, the government is recommended to explore the options of partial listing infrastructure SOEs,such as NamPower, NamWater, Road Fund Administrator (RFA), NamPort, TransNamib, among others, to facilitate Pension Fund investment into infrastructure and reduce transaction cost and risks. The study identifies the need for future research opportunities with the aim of understanding issues that affect the project pipeline in the Namibian context in greater detail.

Infrastructure policy is of the utmost significance for economic improvement, and should be given full attention, especially in developing countries. One of the main problems is the lack of funds required to put infrastructure programmes into practice. This problem should be solved by providing high quality infrastructure, which results in large investments. In the case of India, different investment models (voluntary, coalition, and partnership) have been put into practice to deal with funding problems. The Sustainable Cities Programme (SCP) supported by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is an example of one of the best models of public–private partnership in infrastructure development. Applied in the city of Chennai in India, it required the involvement of both the public and private sectors, as well as community organisations, in order to achieve successful results. Circumstances in India appear favourable for the government to carry out a determined policy of infrastructure investment.

This study aims to determine the role of the village government in improving the welfare of the people of Bulili Village, Duhiadaa District, Pohuwato Regency. The research approach uses descriptive research. Informants were the village head, village head, BPD chairman, LPM Chair, village treasurer and Bulili village community leaders. The results showed that the Bulili Village Government in improving community welfare carried out three programs such as: 1) an increase in agricultural production programs planning assistance that would improve the economy of Bulili villagers such as providing rice seeds, corn seeds, tractor assistance, hansplayer assistance (tengki), assistance fertilizer, and PNPM assistance, 2) program to increase livestock production, namely the collaboration of district governments, sub-district governments and village governments in the form of providing assistance for productive superior cow and productive goat seeds to cattle farmers in the Bulili village community formed by Bulili village government . 3) development of village livestock agribusiness, which is to form a group of livestock farmers who are given the assistance of productive cow and goat seeds to each group to be managed.

Agglomeration economies are among the most important factors to increase firm productivity. However, there is little evidence supportive of this in Africa. By applying the conditional and nested logit models, this paper examines the relationship between firm locations and infrastructure accessibility in Rwanda. It is found that agglomeration economies matter to even one of the smallest countries in Africa. It is also found that infrastructure availability has an important role in affecting the firm location decision. Electricity access and transport connectivity to the domestic and international markets are found to be important to attract new investment. In addition, the quality of local labor supplied, measured by educational attainment, is found as an important determinant of firm location, while the effect of labor costs remains inconclusive.

"Organizations are immersed in permanent change processes, and those that make the right decisions will achieve better results in the long term. Are there any methods or tools that facilitate the decision-making process under uncertainty? Since foresight and strategy are already defined, an attempt to anticipate the future is the development of an ambitious long-term vision and the commitment to achieve it, choosing particular markets as the focus of the company's resources. Meanwhile, a source of advantage is the understanding of the market that allows us to identify how to better compete by leveraging the forces of the company to achieve the maximum effect on customers better than the competition. In all this, the role of human capacity is fundamental, and it is essential to generate the necessary conditions so that their stay in the organizations is healthy and happy. Contemporary Strategic Business Infrastructure Development in Turbulent Economies will highlight about the efficiency of good infrastructure and its impact on socioeconomic growth and socioeconomic development in general and addresses contemporary aspects of the strategic business management essential for accomplishing the objective of wealth maximization in today's challenging and competitive economy. This book will be an essential research work for policy makers, government workers and NGO employees, as well as academicians and researchers in the fields of business, finance, marketing, management, accounting, MIS, public administration, economics, and law"--

The article explores the history of urban water infrastructure management in Zimbabwe focusing on water sector reforms and water infrastructural development strategies. The challenges experienced in the implementation of the water sector reforms in the country by examining the legal and institutional frameworks that guide public private partnerships (PPPs) in general and those that guide PPPs in the water sector, particularly in the development of urban water infrastructure in Zimbabwe are explored. Using the qualitative approach, the article aims to answer research question such as what water reforms and public private partnership projects have been implemented in Zimbabwe? The article presents a discussion of water sector reforms in Zimbabwe and proposed strategies for urban water infrastructural development that include policy frameworks and institutional arrangements proposed a decade ago. Findings explore that there are gaps in research pertaining to the implementation of water sector reforms in Zimbabwe. The study concludes by proposing the implementation of PPP initiatives in Zimbabwe in general and urban water infrastructural PPP initiatives, in particular, as a solution to improve water infrastructure. Keywords: Public private partnerships, Qualitative, Water infrastructure, Zimbabwe

This book examines the politics and economics of infrastructure development in Nigeria from Independence in 1960 upto 2015, and the role of good governance in promoting the socioeconomic wellbeing of citizens. Arguing for the need for transformational leadership in infrastructure development, the chapters examine policy issues and survey the various administrative, economic, and social-political reforms that have impacted infrastructure development in Nigeria. The author also discusses current national development plans and Vision 20:2020; challenges to infrastructure development, including corruption; and the future potential of a strong infrastructure network for the economy and citizens. Drawing upon his experience within government departments, as well as existing models of leadership and governance, the author explores the role of infrastructure development in promoting the wellbeing and growth of Nigeria. Combining theory with practical examples of good governance, this book will be of interest for students and researchers of political science and infrastructure development in Africa.