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The authors present a theoretical derivation of cigarette demand and estimate the demand in Japan with prefecturE‐level data. By examining the impact of information dissemination regarding the health hazards of smoking, the authors argue that information dissemination is an effective instrument of public health policy, supplementary to cigarette taxation and antismoking ordinances.

This description of the application of the RAND Corporation's PortMan portfolio analysis and management method and Delphi consensus-building method for the National Security Agency (NSA) Information Sharing Services (ISS) division highlights how these methods enable the data-driven analysis of project portfolios and the allocation of research and development (R&D) and operations and maintenance (O&M) resources according to value, risk, and cost.

International audience ; In this paper we address the problem of supporting communication in partially connected military tactical radio networks. In such networks traditional multihop forwarding techniques cannot guarantee end-to-end communication. Alternative techniques must therefore be designed to compensate for connectivity disruption. We propose a communication model that relies on opportunistic disruption-tolerant networking techniques to support information dissemination in highly fragmented military tactical radio networks. This model we designed is specifically devoted to content-driven information dissemination: pieces of information can be published on a terminal, disseminate in the network by being stored, carried, and forwarded by mobile terminals, and be received ultimately by terminals that have subscribed to receive this kind of information. This model was implemented in a middleware platform we developped, and tested on an experimental testbed composed of the French VHF battlefield radios PR4G.

Examines reasons for lack of single point access to government information; focus on the National Technical Information Service's FedWorld, the Library of Congress's THOMAS, and the Government Printing Office's CBDNet Internet sites; US.

Knowledge production means the gathering of related activities in the university that has to do with producing new knowledge. The emerging researchers find it so hard and difficult to engage in scientific and contribute to knowledge production because of lack of know how.Therefore, it is fundamentally importance, that the emerging researchers are made aware of the challenges that they will experience in the research process. It is not only the responsibility of researchers to produce knowledge, respondents in any research undertaken also make a greater contribution. That is why it is important that those in public sector understand the role that they play in research. Without their inputs this kinds of research would not be a success. This is a scientific way of contributing to the body of knowledge by academic staff and students.The academic community is continually conversing about knowledge and the many forms it takes, as well as ways of thinking about how to organise and arrange knowledge into categories, such as disciplines. This paper focuses on the challenges upcoming or first-time researchers experience when researching in order to make contribution into the body of knowledge. However, there are obstacles in the process that impede progress, making it impossible to produce knowledge and disseminate information to the communities.Therefore, this paper also discusses the process of knowledge production in the context of research, data collection, sampling challenges, arranging for interviews, fatigue by both researcher and respondents and finding the respondents to participate in the study.

A letter report issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "Federal agencies are increasingly expected to focus on achieving results and to demonstrate, in annual performance reports and budget requests, how their activities will help achieve agency or governmentwide goals. Assessing a program's impact or benefit is often difficult, but the dissemination programs GAO reviewed faced a number of evaluation challenges--either individually or in common. The breadth and flexibility of some of the programs made it difficult to measure national progress toward common goals. The programs had limited opportunity to see whether desired behavior changes occurred because change was expected after people made contact with the program, when they returned home or to work. The five programs GAO reviewed addressed these challenges with a variety of strategies, assessing program effects primarily on short-term and intermediate outcomes. Two flexible programs developed common measures to conduct nationwide evaluations; two others encouraged communities to tailor local evaluations to their own goals. Congressional interest was key to initiating most of these evaluations; collaboration with program partners, previous research, and evaluation expertise helped carry them out. Congressional concern about program effectiveness spurred two formal evaluation mandates and other program activities. Collaborations helped ensure that an evaluation would meet the needs of diverse stakeholders."

Purpose:To test the effects of different messengers on the dissemination of health information.Design:An experimental study exposed participants to 12 news articles pertaining to 1 of 3 health topics framed from the perspective of 4 generic messengers: religious figures, doctors, celebrity patients, or ordinary patients. Participants select as many of the 12 articles as desired.Setting:A cancer clinic within a large, urban hospital serving a sociodemographically diverse patient population.Participants:Eighty-nine patients with a history of cancer.Measures:The primary outcome was the frequency with which each news story was selected.Analysis:Summary statistics and a general estimating equation model.Results:For each health topic, news articles using celebrity messengers were the least likely to be selected; almost half of the participants (36 [41.4%] of 87) rejected all such articles. Articles linked to religious figures were equally unpopular ( P = .59). Articles that used doctors or ordinary patients as the messenger were very likely to be selected: Nearly all women (84 [96.6%] of 87) selected at least one of these. Furthermore, the odds of choosing articles linked to celebrities or religious leaders were statistically significantly lower than the odds of choosing those linked to ordinary patients or doctors ( P < .01).Conclusion:Commonly used generic messengers had large effects on the dissemination of information. Health materials linked to celebrities or religious figures were consistently less likely to be selected than those linked to ordinary patients, or doctors.