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Infrastructures are facilities and services that support the functioning of human societies. Examples are utility networks (such as water, wastewater, gas, electricity, and communications), transportation systems (such as airports, railroads, roads, and bridges), public buildings (municipal buildings and hospitals), and social venues (such as sports and entertainment facilities). Capital intensity, network complexity, and criticality of services provided are among the main attributes of infrastructure systems. Infrastructure management is emerging as a top global priority in the 21st century d

Infrastructure in Lesotho is relatively undeveloped with poor coverage and low-quality services common to many African countries that have low per capita incomes and government fiscal limitations that constrain infrastructure investment. This report finds that private participation in infrastructure could offer Lesotho three key advantages: (1) augmenting budget resources in cases where the private sector undertakes to finance projects or services that would not otherwise be funded, (2) improving the quality and efficiency of service delivery, and (3) accelerating investments in infrastructure

When infrastructures fail / Stephen Graham -- Managing the risk of cascading failure in complex urban infrastructures / Richard G. Little -- Disoriented city : infrastructure, social order, and the policy response to Hurricane Katrina / Benjamin Sims -- Power loss or blackout : the electricity network collapse of August 2003 in North America / Timothy W. Luke -- Containing insecurity : logistic space, U.S. port cities, and the "war on terror" / Deborah Cowen -- Clogged cities : sclerotic infrastructure / Simon Marvin and Will Medd-- Securitizing networked flows : infectious diseases and airports / S. Harris Ali and Roger Keil -- Disruption by design : urban infrastructure and political violence / Stephen Graham -- Infrastructure, interruption, and inequality : urban life in the global south / Colin McFarlane

1. Digitalizing infrastructure: active management for smarter networks / Juan Montero and Matthias Finger -- 2. Digitalization technologies: the evolution of smart networks / Günter Knieps -- 3. Digitalizing telecommunications: innovation, complexity and diversity in the internet ecosystem / Volker Stocker and Günter Knieps -- 4. Digitalization in road projects: toward a more integrated mobility supply / Carlos Oliveira Cruz and Joaquim Miranda Sarmento -- 5. Digitalizing maritime transport: digital innovation as a catalyzer of sustainable transformation / Anastasia Tsvetkova, Magnus Gustafsson and Kim Wikström -- 6. Digitalizing railways: the platform dilemma / Juan Montero -- 7. Digitalizing aviation infrastructure: the role of technology in overcoming fragmentation / Iván László Arnold and Lorenzo Casullo -- 8. Digitalization in the postal and delivery sector: between electronic substitution of letter mail and thriving e-commerce / Christian Jaag -- 9. Digitalization of the electricity infrastructure: a key enabler for the decarbonization and decentralization of the power sector / Nicolò Rossetto and Valerie Reif -- 10. Digitalization in the drinking water sector: towards smart water supply management / Brenda Espinosa Apráez -- 11. Digitalization, efficiency and convergence / Matthias Finger and Juan Montero.

"This book reframes the purpose of infrastructure from being an input to economic growth to becoming a major instrument in reducing socio-economic inequalities in both industrialized and developing countries. Drawing on global and national lessons of COVID-19 and extensive working experience in 55 countries, the book reviews infrastructure policies and performance over several decades and suggests that the "underperformance" of infrastructure could be improved by more attention to users and the demand side, and thereby contribute to overcoming many obstacles facing low-income communities around the world. The book argues that growth is not a necessary condition for sustainability or social justice, and that both are undermined by structural inequalities which reduce the income and opportunities of urban households. More focus on user needs can substantially change the distribution of benefits and the quality of living conditions of low-income people. It provides a unique theoretical and on-the-ground critique of conventional infrastructure practices while illustrating to readers the many positive experiences around the world. More infrastructure is not enough; different and better is needed. The book reviews World Bank experience in launching a 30-year program to alleviate urban poverty through some 7,000 projects, showing that many significant policy changes have led to a big improvement in global urban policies adopted by national and local governments, yet have failed to significantly address and reduce intra-urban inequalities. The audience for this book includes academics, both faculty and advanced graduate students, while also a wider public interested in the prospects for international development"--

Intro -- CONTENTS -- Acronyms & -- Abbreviations -- Preface -- Foreword - H.E. Mrs Sahlework Zewde -- Foreword - Ibrahim Thiaw -- Introduction -- Executive summary -- 01: Transformative leapfrogging to a wellbeing economy in Africa -- Introduction -- Environment and economic development -- Leapfrogging and social transformations -- Transformative leapfrogging to wellbeing economy -- Conclusion -- References -- 02: Ecological infrastructure as a basis for the African wellbeing economy -- Introduction -- A social-ecological systems approach to development -- The current state and trends in Africa -- Applying a social-ecological systems approach to sustainable food -- Emerging knowledge, techniques and best practices in sustainable development -- Ecosystem-based adaptation -- Key policy and strategic issues for African countries -- Conclusion -- References -- 03: Sustainable energy systems in Africa -- Introduction -- Africa's energy system -- Theorising Africa's sustainable energy system, innovation and development -- The energy, climate and development dilemma in Africa -- Distributed energy as a sustainable energy pathway -- Discussion: Criteria for success -- Conclusion -- References -- 04: Inclusive and sustainable industrial development for Africa -- Introduction -- Drivers of industrialisation and its impact -- Industrialisation and Africa -- Inclusive and sustainable industrialisation -- Conclusions -- References -- 05: Sustainable urban development in Africa -- Introduction -- Sustainability through an urban lens: A systemic approach -- The challenges and opportunities of urbanisation in Africa -- Key policy and strategic issues for African countries -- Where to from here? -- Supporting tools for strategic decision-making and planning -- Conclusion -- References.

This book reviews the access to services, investment needs, tariffs, and efficiency of fifteen Caribbean countries across five infrastructure sectors (telecommunications, electricity, water and sanitation, maritime transport and ports, and airports and air services). Benchmarks are established to compare Caribbean countries with each other, and with similar countries. To some extent, differences in performance can be explained by unalterable factors such as a given country's size and location. However, we find that, in many cases, differences in performance among countries cannot be completely explained by such factors. Many of the remaining differences seem to be attributable to institutional and policy factors, such as the level of competition among service providers within a given sector, whether providers are government or privately-controlled, and the quality of regulatory and subsidy regimes. The study highlights several key policy findings and recommends changes that have the potential to help Caribbean governments overcome some of their inherent disadvantages of scale to provide better, cheaper infrastructure services.

Project sponsors in Europe are facing more and more difficulty when acquiring conventional long-term bank loans for infrastructure projects. The regulatory landscape for debt markets will evolve further with implementation of Basel III requirements. Recently, the Asset Quality Review under the European Central Bank's Comprehensive Assessment process, and related pressures on banks' balance sheets, have constrained bank long-term lending. This has led to much discussion on non-conventional bank funding options for infrastructure deals in the future. This book analyses the project bond financing solution in detail, identifying all the specific features that make it highly suitable for large capital intensive infrastructure projects. The first part of the book assesses the main characteristics and prerequisites of project finance, including public-private partnership, infrastructure project assets and greenfield versus brownfield projects. It then discusses the European infrastructure project finance market in detail, before comparing bank conventional lending versus the project bond solution. In the final part of the book, the author presents the Europe 2020 project bond initiative, and reveals a range of key case studies and their findings.

Intro -- Acknowledgments -- Praise for China, Russia and Central Asian Infrastructure -- Contents -- Abbreviations -- List of Maps -- List of Tables -- 1 Introduction -- Building Organizations Not Cooperation -- Railroad-Not Silk Road -- China Looking Westward -- Central Asia Through Various Lenses -- Chapter Outline -- Notes -- Bibliography -- 2 Central Asia as a Region -- Which Region? Central Asia vs. Central Eurasia -- Implications from Security, Identity and Interdependence on the Central Asian Region -- Constraints to Regional Cooperation -- Analyzing Central Asian Regionalism -- Obdurate Infrastructure -- Institution of Sovereignty -- Reconstructing Interests -- Voluntary Transformation of Identities -- Conclusion -- Notes -- Bibliography -- 3 Multilateral Organizations as a Questionable Reflection of Regionalism -- 'Home-Grown' Regional Organizations -- The CIS-The Initial Form of Post-Soviet Regionalism -- Eurasian Integration: Narrowing Down the Region -- The Eurasian Economic Community and the Eurasian Economic Union-Toward 'Harder' Regionalism -- Defined by Interests, But Not Always Serving Them -- Shanghai Cooperation Organization: Serving Various Goals -- 'Functionalism Upside Down' -- Chinese Style of Regionalism -- Dynamics Defined by the Two Major Powers -- The Challenge of Institutional Regionalism -- Mutual Interests: Security and Regime Stability -- Infrastructure Development -- Trade and Economic Cooperation -- Energy -- Limitations of Institutions -- Conclusion -- Notes -- Bibliography -- 4 No Loans-No Roads: Multilateral Financial Institutions and Their Effect on Regionalism -- Background -- SCO-Based Initiatives -- The SCO Interbank Association-Slow Steps in the Cooperative Direction -- The SCO Finance Banking Association-"SCO" Only in Name -- SCO Development Bank-A Failed Compromise -- Intermediate Conclusion.