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AbstractSince the early 1990s, a range of corporate monitoring and multi‐stakeholder initiatives have sought to address the violation of workers' rights by monitoring suppliers in global supply chain and attempting to remediate violations. However, their effectiveness in the area of freedom of association rights has been limited, particularly in labor‐repressive regimes. This is because these initiatives have pursued inadequate strategies and lack either traditional forms of state power, notably the ability to sanction violators, or the leverage provided by activist campaigns. Recent social compliance program approaches, such as forming of worker‐management committees, are largely of limited effectiveness in regimes in which workers face employer or state controlled unions. And most production in light industry supply chains such as apparel takes place in labor repressive regimes.

Expanding globalization and urbanization have intensified the threats to human rights for many vulnerable groups and have restricted resources available to the primary guarantors of these rights—local authorities. Human rights cities initiatives are bottom-up efforts to advance human rights implementation in local contexts. They are emerging around the world in response to the global pressures on cities that intensify urban inequality and conflict. In this article I discuss how global changes are impacting cities and their abilities to protect the basic rights of residents. I then discuss the human rights cities model as a strategic response of social movements to secure people's basic needs and strengthen local mechanisms for addressing social conflicts. I provide detailed analysis based on participatory research with Pittsburgh's Human Rights City Alliance between 2013 and 2016. Drawing from literature on international peacebuilding, I argue that human rights cities are an emergent model of peacebuilding and governance that can guide policy and planning at multiple levels. Human rights movements are challenging neoliberal globalization's emphasis on economic growth and putting forward frameworks that prioritize the needs of people and communities. In their appeals to international human rights norms, human rights cities advocates both advance international law and governance while giving voice to inherent contradictions between human rights and the policies of economic globalization.

Following the Arusha Peace and Reconciliation Agreement for Burundi in 2000, Burundi entered into a long process of decentralizing government activities and reforming the land sector. Many legal and institutional initiatives tried, in a directive approach, to protect land rights and improve their security. This raised the question whether all these legal and institutional changes achieved their goals, reached the people and provided positive impacts on the security of tenure. Specifically, the aspect of how the implementation of the land office in the commune of Ngozi affected the practices of the people in terms of the recognition and enforcement of land rights was studied. It was expected, if the measures were successful, that practices related to the recognition and the enforcement of land rights were clarified and normalized. The results of the study show that, after the implementation of the land office, the land certificate became the most important means of recognizing land rights. In many cases, the land certificate was the first written evidence of ownership and the first graphical evidence of the parcel. In addition, land officers also helped to clarify and specify the objects of right and to solve land conflicts. But, if the properties were registered, some updating processes were still deficient and only transfers by sale were registered in a large proportion. The results also show that the authorities were not competing with each other and their responsibilities generally were well defined, but the rules they applied were not clearly stated, mostly unwritten and evolving between the customs and the provisions of the law. Consequently, the practices related to the recognition and the enforcement of land rights were still not clear and normalized after the implementation of the land office.

We analyse a part of Vincent's theory that has been neglected by the English School discourse: his idea of the right to subsistence, particularly the right to food, as the basis on which to build a cross-cultural human rights project across the societies of the world. Vincent insisted that starvation is the `resident emergency' of international society, and its elimination should be the minimum standard for the society of states to achieve legitimacy. We assess here the normative and practical viability of that enterprise as a project of solidarism in international society. Such assessment reveals that Vincent's work has made three contributions to English School thinking. In relation to the solidarist agenda, Vincent both widened the human rights agenda, and pushed the idea of developing a normative consensus around the basic right to food. More generally, his work forces the English School to think seriously about the relationship between international society and International Political Economy.

The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child is a human rights treaty adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1989, which has had a major impact on children's rights, policies and legislation in many countries around the world. This paper describes longstanding experiences of running a Sida-funded training programme on children's rights at Lund University. The authors have participated in the programme as teachers, and have, over the years, visited around 20 countries and gained deep insights into change processes at different administrative levels of these countries' education systems. These experiences from similar projects in other countries and continents help put developments in Sweden into perspective. The aim of the present chapter is firstly to gain an understanding of how the CRC can be used to bring about change in schools and in the classroom. The chapter's secondary aim is to analyse and reflect on, from a norm perspective, how the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) has contributed to bringing about change at different levels of the participating countries' education systems. The chapter consists of five sections. Each one begins by describing the programme's background, goal and objective. This is followed by a description of the changes implemented in the participating countries since 2003, which are based in three key CRC perspectives: 'Participation', 'Protection' and 'Provision'. The third section introduces norm-theory and the importance of norms in change processes, both in an international as well as as a Swedish context. The fourth section deals with change processes from the local to the national level and can be initiated both from the bottom–up as well as top–down. The final discussion addresses how some school problems, seen from a Swedish perspective, could be discussed in terms of changing norms in areas where children and students are able to exert a degree of influence. The terms "children", "pupils" and "students" are used variably throughout the text. The Swedish Education Act adheres to the CRC and defines children as "every human being below the age of eighteen years" (the Swedish Education Act 2010:800, Chap.1 §10). Additionally, the student is also defined as "whomsoever participates in education under this act, with the exception of children attending preschool" (the Swedish Education Act 2010:800, Chap.1 §10).

This paper explores the relationship between health initiatives and peace initiatives in the context of armed conflict. Our working definition of a "Health‐Peace Initiative" (HPI) is any initiative that intends to improve the health of people and that simultaneously heightens that group's level of peace, whether this peace is internal to the group or between the group and one or more other groups. We seek to identify multiple tracks to peace within a global analysis, arguing that HPIs should comprise an additional "track" in terms of their utility to the peace process. We offer examples of various kinds of HPIs already in use throughout the world.