Suchergebnisse

1978 will probably turn out to be one of the most momentous years in the post‐war history of international monetary affairs. It was the year in which the leaders of the European Economic Community (EEC) made the first positive steps towards the establishment of a European Monetary System (EMS). It was also the year in which members of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) adopted the Second Amendment to the Fund's Articles of Agreement.

Gegenstand des Beitrags sind das internationale System und seine Teilsysteme. Zuerst werden Modelle, Theorien und Interaktionsfiguren vorgestellt. Dabei geht es um zwei Grundfragen: Wer handelt, und warum? Und welche Interaktionen entstehen daraus? Einzelne Schulen werden diskutiert: (1) realistische Schule; (2) Neorealismus, Systemtheorie, Weltmodelle und Globus-Modell; (3) Interdependenz-Theorie. Als zentrale Frage der internationalen Politik wird die nach Krieg und Frieden herausgearbeitet: wie Krieg vermieden und Frieden verbreitet werden kann. Die Bedeutung der sozialen Schichtung für das internationale System wird untersucht. Verschiedene Machtfiguren werden dargestellt: die imperiale, hegemoniale, egale und hierarchische Machtfigur. Indem die Entwicklung des internationalen Systems der Nachkriegszeit nachgezeichnet wird, wird deutlich, daß Machtfiguren nicht Staatenbeziehungen, sondern Handlungszusammenhänge kennzeichnen. Insgesamt wird das internationale System als multipolare, polyarchische Figur dargestellt. (RW)

"In modern times, international borders reflect discontinuous changes in political authority, no matter what the inconveniences are for the individuals that they separate. What explains this fact? Why are the citizens of neighboring regions that happen to lie across an international border often subject to very different governance systems? We argue that the defining feature of the modern territorial state system is the local, bounded, monopoly that states have in governing their citizens. States refuse to violate each other's monopolies, even when they could do so easily. We examine what makes this system stable, when and how it emerged, how it spread, how it has been challenged, what led it to be so resilient over time, and how might it change in the future."

The article examines the performance of the Chinese, Indian and Russian economies in the context of the world economy. The major features of the world economy has been (i) its slowing down for all regions except Asia since the oil price shocks of 1973–74, (ii) the increasing integration of the different economies as barriers to trade have been reduced, and (iii) increasing importance of private capital flows. While the Russian economy, or that of the erstwhile Soviet Union, was not affected by the oil price shocks other economies apart from the Asian economies were. A major aspect of this effect is the decreasing productivity of capital. An important challenge is how the international economic system can be managed to return the world economy to higher rates of growth. In particular, how can growth rates in the developing world be raised? Trade liberalization must assist in this endeavor. Furthermore, increasing private capital flows have created the potential for destabilizing capital movements. It has been recognized that changes must be made in the international financial system. In this article we examine the interests of China, India and Russia in the international economic system.

The establishment of a liberal multilateral trading system in the postwar period presented opportunities for rapid economic growth for Japan, and for other countries in East Asia and the Pacific, including Australia. The strength of the American economy and American political leadership ensured, for almost a generation, economic and trade growth that provided the substantial underpinning for the Western economic and security alliance. The success of the liberal international economic system, the rise of Japan and Europe as major centers of economic power and its converse, the declining relative importance of North America in the world economy, bring new challenges to international trade and economic diplomacy. These challenges focus heavily upon Japan.

Interprets the international economic system set up at Bretton Woods, the World Bank, and the International Monetary Fund; focuses on the interplay between human well-being and financial power.

International students and the revenue they generate for Australia are undoubtedly big business. But that business is arguably based on a revenue-generating model that is over-reliant on a few of our close neighbours to fill a yawning and growing funding gap created by governments that appear to have little concern for the declining quality of education that their lack of adequate care has produced.

Since the end of last year, much public attention has been focused on the growing importance of sovereign wealth funds (hereafter SWFs), which are large investment pools managed by national governments primarily among oil exporters and emerging market economies. Many of these governments have accumulated substantial foreign reserves because of large trade surpluses, some of which they have begun to invest in a range of financial instruments that is more diversified than is typically the case for central bank international reserves in order to improve the yield on their foreign asset positions. While SWFs have been in existence for many years, their recent growth reflects two significant developments in the international economic system: one is a redistribution of economic power and wealth away from the industrial economies toward rapidly growing emerging market economies, such as Brazil, China, India and Russia; and the other is a loss of confidence in, and diminished authority of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) which was created to exercise surveillance over the international monetary system. This article is intended to explain the nature of these two phenomena and how they are related, as well as the implications of these developments for the international economic reform agenda. Adapted from the source document.