Suchergebnisse

The ongoing conflicts, political instability and the rise of religious and community radicalism, of which Daesh is the sad stigma, characterize Iraq for many years, especially since the disappearance of the "strong man" Saddam Hussein. Since the summer of 2014, particularly at a time when the Daesh fighters have seized power over a large part of Iraq, population movements have been brisk, displacing more than 3.2 million people within their own country, particularly in northern Iraq. This ethnography studies the experience of the displacement of children and their parents, most of whom have sought refuge in the Ashti camp in Sulaymaniyah, Iraqi Kurdistan, for the past three years. This study aims to question and understand the hopes of these children, through artistic practices in the framework of Non-Formal Education (NFE). Ashti camp is rich in complexity because it is home to different communities: Sunni Arabs, Yazidis, Shabaks and Turkmen. It is the only camp with this originality in Iraqi Kurdistan. The trajectories are varied, the situations and hopes are equally diverse. The camp is a temporary facility that is not intended to be fixed, but it is consolidated over time and protracted conflict situations. What must be an emergency solution; in a reduced time becomes the norm in the margin by integrating processes of installation in a place that is not intended to be one. The camps are becoming a permanent solution as an example in the humanitarian management of these forced exiles. Times are torn between an emergency that remains in need of moving out of an "off-ground" territory in order to be able to find its roots or take root in a social environment that allows these individuals to rethink their possibilities. This ethnography shows that, in contexts of forced displacement where the past and the future coexist strangely, children abound in imagination and that it is important for the adults around them and the educational agents to help them to build their future in a creative way. It is also intended ...

From being a smallholder-based, food-producing country covering its basic needs, Iraq and the Kurdistan Region in Iraq (KRI) have become major importers of food. The sustainability of the agricultural sector has been systematically undermined by conflict, neglect, and mismanagement, as a result of which the capacity of its farmers to feed the population declined. Even though local policymakers, the international community, and the international organisations emphasise the potential of agriculture for food production, job creation, and income generation, they also tend to consider the current food system problematic because of an alleged low productivity that they relate to the existing smallholder system. For them, such system poses a lack of competences and skills of farmers, and a subsistence production orientation. This approach culminated in a policy-making process that offered land and water for capital investments, and thus neglecting the potentials and competencies of (small-scale) farmers. The concomitant neglect of the human dimension of agriculture, namely the family farm, is essentially the continuation of an economically and ecologically high-risk approach that may lead to a further decline of the sector&rsquo ; s ability to produce food for the local market.

Air pollution is an increasingly environmental problem worldwide. People from Iraq and the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI) constantly complain of poor air quality in the region. Many studies have investigated particular aspects of air pollution in theKRI, the issue, however, has never been comprehensively discussed. This study, unlike its precedents, collects all the documents, research articles, and ground facts available concerning air pollution, and aims to thoroughly understand all dimensions of the issue and classifies its significant factors and sources. The result revealed that, compared to 40 years ago, current air quality in the KRI, specifically in the two largest cities of Erbil and Sulaimani, has deteriorated. The root causes were found to be political instability and wars in the region, a sharp increase in population, and poor public services. Similar to many other cities in the developing countries, sources such as transportation have contributed in the pollution. In addition, other significant sources such as dust storms, large and private power generators as well as household kerosene heaters which might not be present in other countries were found contributing in escalation of the pollution. It is concluded that air pollution in theKRIis the outcome of a variety of causes and sources some of which may not be common in other parts of the world.

From being a smallholder-based, food-producing country covering its basic needs, Iraq and the Kurdistan Region in Iraq (KRI) have become major importers of food. The sustainability of the agricultural sector has been systematically undermined by conflict, neglect, and mismanagement, as a result of which the capacity of its farmers to feed the population declined. Even though local policymakers, the international community, and the international organisations emphasise the potential of agriculture for food production, job creation, and income generation, they also tend to consider the current food system problematic because of an alleged low productivity that they relate to the existing smallholder system. For them, such system poses a lack of competences and skills of farmers, and a subsistence production orientation. This approach culminated in a policy-making process that offered land and water for capital investments, and thus neglecting the potentials and competencies of (small-scale) farmers. The concomitant neglect of the human dimension of agriculture, namely the family farm, is essentially the continuation of an economically and ecologically high-risk approach that may lead to a further decline of the sector's ability to produce food for the local market. ; Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands ; This research was funded by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands. ; WOS:000501205200003 ; 2-s2.0-85074967619

College majors for high school students are mostly predicted by Grade Point Average (GPA) scores and standardized tests. Both predictors are applied by the regional government of Kurdistan, Iraq. The objectives of this research were to characterize dynamics that determine performance of high school students, in terms of both the standardized Wzary test and overall high school GPA, and the influence on their subsequent selection of college majors. Whether students who choose the same major could be assumed to have the similar cognitive abilities, on average, was also investigated by this paper. Data was collected via a questionnaire that was distributed to university students. The questionnaire sought to collect information on the academic performance in high school, socioeconomic status at the time, and parents' education status. It was established that biology major students had a distinct higher GPA compared to other departments in the faculty of Education, and through multiple linear regression, it was established that mother's education level, mode of transport to school, place of residence, and student's age are some of the predictors of high school GPA.

The Kurdish-Iraqi conflict lies in the fact that Kurdistan is a nation-without-a-state and Iraq is a non-nation state, each possessing a nationhood project differing from and opposing the other. Iraqi-Kurdistan is an outward looking entity seeking external patronage. Though external patronage has played a pivotal role in the evolution of the Kurdish quasi-state, a lack of positive patronage has prevented it from achieving independence. This book looks at how the Kurdish and Iraqi quests for nationhood have led to the transformation of Iraqi Kurdistan into an unrecognised quasi-state, and the devolution of the Iraqi state into a recognised quasi-state. This is done by examining the protracted Iraqi-Kurdish conflict and by analysing the contradictions and incompatibilities between the two different nationalisms: Iraqi and Kurdish. The author explains that Kurds as a nation without a state have their own nationhood project which is in opposition to the Iraqi nationhood project. Each has its own identity, loyalty and sovereignty. The book answers the question as to how the Kurdish quest for nationhood has been treated by successive Iraqi regimes. Furthermore, it fills in the literary gaps which exist in relation to the Iraqi-Kurdish conflict by specifying and categorising the cardinal conditions that drive ethnic and nationalist conflicts which lead to the creation of separatist entities. Drawing upon a vast amount of untapped Kurdish and Arabic primary sources, the book draws on prominent theories on nation-states and quasi-states. It will particularly appeal to students and scholars of international relations, political theory and Middle Eastern Studies.

Introduction au dossier sur le Kurdistan / Stéphane VALTER. - La longue marche de la langue kurde en Irak / Halkawt HAKEM. - La politique culturelle du Gouvernement Régional du Kurdistan-Irak / Shwan JAFFAR. - Les territoires kurdes au Moyen-Orient : Contrôle politique versus développement économique / Gérard GAUTIER. - Les Kurdes de Syrie et le projet du Rojava : rêve éphémère ou espoir durable ? / Cyril ROUSSEL. - Abdul Rahman Ghassemlou : Un héritage incertain ? / Philippe BOULANGER. - ---. - Du Nigeria au Maghreb : le chaînon manquant entre Boko Haram et Al-Qai͏̈da / Marc-Antoine PEROUSE DE MONTCLOS

The construction sector of the Kurdistan region of the Republic of Iraq has witnessed a huge development in the construction sector last ten years. However, there is a lack of awareness and legislation regarding sustainable construction in the buildings sector. The aim of the paper is to find the required mechanism to introduce sustainable practice and implement sustainable construction in the buildings construction sector in Northern Iraq. The main objectives of this study are identifying the barriers in sustainable construction in Northern Iraq and investigate the law and regulations in dealing with these barriers.

Concepts, Models and Frameworks -- Beyond Groupism -- State Formation and the Origins of Kurdish Ethno-nationalism in Turkey and Iraq -- The Parties -- The Origins of Relations -- Iraqi Kurdistan and the PKK in the 1990s -- Iraqi Kurdistan and the PKK in the post-2003 Middle East -- Iraqi Kurdistan, the PKK and Turkey -- The Kurds in the War against ISIS.