Suchergebnisse

A presentation of the structuralist approach to problems of Latin Amer development & stagnation. Latin Amer development, based on the creation of export industries, was conditioned by the convergent effect of several factors: (1) the existence of a pre-capitalist economy from which land & labor could be drawn; (2) the existence of a segment of the Re with Schumpeterian motivations, ie oriented toward opening up new lines of exports in order to increase their wealth & protect & augment their soc prestige; & (3) the existence of a pol'al org sufficiently articulate to serve as an instrument to the more progressive faction of the Re in its attempt to eliminate the obstacles, imposed by the semi-feudal soc structure, on the process of integration into a growing but unstable internat'l economy. This process took place in Latin America from the beginning of the second half of the last cent without requiring or producing fundamental changes in the soc structures. But even if it could last for some time in certain areas, it presents evident signs of having run its course in the area as a whole. I. Langnas.

The att, use & knowledge AUK fertility survey: (1) serves sci by showing that soc & psychol'al facts can be collected & interpreted sci'lly; (2) demonstrates the existence of a demand in the various underdeveloped countries for birth control; & (3) is a relatively non-controversial method of initiating activity in pop control in SP settings where direct efforts are not possible. 2 types of surveys which will have major impacts in Latin America are: (A) an organized internat'l series of AUK surveys & (B) an as yet unorganized set of studies of induced abortions. The AUK surveys are to be carried out simultaneously in the major city of the participating countries (to date 7), about 2,000 F's 15-49 being systematically sampled in each city. Personal interviews & a basic questionaire will be used. These surveys are expected to show a motivation for small fam's combined with ignorance of methods to achieve restricted fam size. Res projects utilizing before & after surveys are now under way to determine: (a) the extent of induced abortion in the general pop; (b) the extent & speed at which a contraceptive program can reduce (a) & whether this will affect the birth rate; & (c) if a program utilizing intrauterine device has diff consequences from those emphasizing oral tablets or the conventional contraceptives. R. H. Weller.

The aim of providing relatively simple res projects to be used by Latin-Amer sociol professors to give students intensive training in theory-oriented empirical res, & to test a series of hyp's taken from current literature on sociol, gave birth to the idea of 'res models,' in 1959. The original aim was modified to emphasize the usefulness of such models for conducting comparative res in a systematic way, & for answering questions which are considered highly relevant for LatinAmer societies. These res models include: (1) General Theory of Soc Change - value orientation; rising expectations of the masses; fam socialization, (2) General Dynamics of Econ Development - industrialization; urbanization; Ru org, (3) Pol'al Aspects of SE Development - pol'al potentialities of the Lc & Mc's, (4) Some Critical Problems of Econ Development - rational org; technological innovation; new elites. AA.

Government intervention in Ur squatter settlements in Latin America, which is usually designed to integrate the squatter population, has tended to inhibit the participation of squatters in the improvement of living conditions. 3 forms of governmental control & intervention have been recognized: informal control through electoral alliances, control through government organizations, & government housing. The squatters are a power bloc to be contended with at election time & then ignored. Class action by the squatters is rare & is usually deflated through government administrative processes. Government housing to replace squatter settlements is usually deficient in several ways: inconvenient location, no room for expansion, little privacy, no integrated shops, & the cost to the settler. A case history of government intervention in Peru is given. The goal of Ur planning for a 'clean city' is impossible to realize in Latin America because of the economic forces related to migration. Changes might be effected if free land were available, if more & better building materials were produced, & if technical assistance from architects & engineers were available to the squatters as they worked on their own improvements. Modified HA.

Drawing on 13 studies of Ur squatter settlements in Mexico & several other Latin American countries, the role of squatters' neighborhood associations in local political proceses, as defined by local issues, is discussed. Squatters' associations usually form during the planning of property takeovers by squatter groups, & initially exhibit a high level of demanding behavior in asserting the legitimacy of the takeover as well as self-help behavior in allocating lots & building temporary shelters. Though it is generally thought that the political activity of associations drops off after initial phases, most maintain a high level of community participation & continue significant demand making & self-help activities focused on neighborhood issues. Success seems to be tied to characteristics of the settlement that promote a sense of community. Various sophisticated political tactics used by the associations are detailed, but it is noted that they seldom attempt to influence national issues, possibly accounting for their ability to adjust to, & survive, radical changes in national regimes. Examination of activities of squatter neighborhood associations can enhance research on development from below. They are a form of indigenous political action group able to provide, or get governments to provide, tangible benefits for their settlements. 3 Tables, 72 References. J. Woodward.

The performances of 2 programming models & 3 "simple" investment rules -- the benefit-cost ratio, internal rate of return, & present value to constrain cost ratio -- are compared in solving a 4-year capital rationing program in a Latin American nation in which 42 projects were considered. The properties & advantages of the various approaches are discussed & policy conclusions are drawn. In addition, the effects of including project-timing variants & political/bureaucratic constraints are explored. 6 Tables, 24 References. Modified HA.

It is argued that the contemporary phenomenon of rapid urbanization & Ru-Ur migration with the related growth in the number of new Ur jobs located in the service sector is likely to be an appropriate response to the agricultural, manufacturing, & service production functions available to the countries of Latin America. There is, at present, no evidence to suggest that this process is less efficient than the historical pattern in presently-developed countries in which production of goods provided relatively more Ur employment than it does today. The nature of technological change between these two time frames appears to be a key factor in explaining the difference in patterns. 2 Tables, 1 Figure, 1 Appendix. Modified HA.

Marginality in social change, ie minor modifications in social values & economic structures, is studied in Colombia during the War of Independence (1809-1830). Traditional colonialist values survive, to provide an "unfinished revolution." Revolution comes closer around 1852 when an ideological counter-elite is formed. However, it is coopted by the liberal oligarchy. This is compared with another counter-elite that appeared in the 1920's, to be likewise coopted, thus frustrating the revolutionary impulse. The guerrilla movement in Latin America is analyzed from the social organization point of view, its goals, & leadership, to point up the moral challenge to the "system" that it represents. An analysis of "unfinished revolutions" is made for Latin America, in search of explanation for cycles of frustration. Urbanization, industrialization, technological diffusion, & regional integration are studied as social change processes & found wanting. Agrarian reform & community development are likewise criticized. There are negative group & personality factors that hinge upon these frustrations as a result of insistent cooptation. Cooptation is seen as a key reactionary mechanism explaining unfinished revolutions in Latin America. AA.