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There has been a recent identification of a need for a New Business History. This discussion connects with the analytic narrative approach. By following this approach, the study of business history provides important implications for the conduct and institutional design of contemporary industrial policy. The approach also allows us to solve historical puzzles. The failure of the De Lorean Motor Company Limited (DMCL) is one specific puzzle. Journalistic accounts that focus on John De Lorean's alleged personality defects as an explanation for this failure miss the crucial institutional component. Moreover, distortions in the rewards associated with industrial policy, and the fact that the objectives of the institutions implementing the policy were not solely efficiency-based, led to increased opportunities for rent-seeking. Political economy solves the specific puzzle; by considering institutional dimensions, we can also solve the more general puzzle of why activist industrial policy was relatively unsuccessful in Northern Ireland.

Considers (83) S. 1448, (83) S. 1524, (83) S. 1527, (83) S. 1528, (83) S. 1529, (83) S. 1530, (83) S. 1546. ; Considers legislation on extension and revision of routine wartime management and administrative practices. ; Record is based on bibliographic data in CIS US Congressional Committee Hearings Index. Reuse except for individual research requires license from Congressional Information Service, Inc. ; Indexed in CIS US Congressional Committee Hearings Index Part VI ; Considers (83) S. 1448, (83) S. 1524, (83) S. 1527, (83) S. 1528, (83) S. 1529, (83) S. 1530, (83) S. 1546. ; Considers legislation on extension and revision of routine wartime management and administrative practices. ; Mode of access: Internet.

A letter report issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "Federal interagency contract service programs are being used in a wide variety of situations, from those in which a single agency provides limited contracting assistance to an approach in which the provider agency's contracting officer handles all aspects of the procurement. This increased use of interagency contracts is a result of reforms and legislation passed in the 1990s, allowing agencies to streamline the acquisition process, operate more like businesses, and offer increasing numbers of services to other agencies. Most of the contract service programs GAO reviewed reported an excess of revenues over costs in at least one year between fiscal years 1999 and 2001. Office of Management and Budget (OMB) guidance directs agencies with governmentwide acquisition contracts (GWAC) or franchise fund programs to account for and recover fully allocated actual costs and to report on their financial results. Agencies are to identify all direct and indirect costs and charge fees to ordering agencies based on these costs. However, some GWAC programs have not identified or accurately reported the full cost of providing interagency contract services. OMB's guidance further directs that agencies return GWAC earnings to the miscellaneous receipts account of the U.S. Treasury's General Fund. However, this guidance conflicts with the operations of agencies' revolving funds, which were established by statutes that allow retention of excess revenues. The Federal Supply Schedules program has generated hefty earnings, largely because of the rapid growth of information technology sales. Rather than adjust the fee, however, the General Services Administration has used the earnings primarily to support its stock and fleet programs. However, the significant amount of earnings means that Federal Supply Schedules program customers are being consistently overcharged for the contract services they are buying."

1 Role and function of seaports in the trading pattern of a nation -- Scope of book. -- Function of seaports. -- Factors determining the shipowner's/shipper's choice of port. -- Future trends in international trade. -- 2 Economics of international trade -- Function of international trade. -- Survey of international trade. -- Commodity trades. -- Flow of manufactured goods. -- Multinational companies. -- Major trading areas of the world. -- Preferential trading groups. -- 3 Economics of port design and layout -- Influence of cost, construction and safety factors. -- Factors determining berth layout. -- Types of berth. -- Port facilities. -- 4 Cargo-handling equipment -- Factors determining type of cargo-handling equipment. -- Conventional break-bulk handling. -- Types of general cargo-handling equipment. -- Unitized cargo-handling systems. -- LASH (lighter aboard ship). -- Roll-on/roll-off (Ro/Ro) vessels. -- Bulk handling systems for raw materials. -- 5 Container-handling equipment -- Palletization — fork lift trucks. -- Containerization. -- Range of container-handling equipment. -- Container lifters and movers. -- Back-up systems. -- Container cranes. -- Stowage within the container. -- 6 Free ports/free trade zones -- Features of free ports/free trade zones. -- Advantages of free ports/free trade zones. -- 7 Port investment criteria -- Economics of new and second-hand port equipment. -- Methods of finance. -- Factors determining port investment criteria. -- 8 Port traffic control -- Port operations and communications centre. -- Port traffic management. -- Ship turn-round time in port. -- Processing the consignment through the port. -- Port operational planning. -- 9 Port tariffs -- Theory of port tariffs. -- Factors influencing the level of port tariffs. -- Market pricing. -- Port tariffs. -- Customs entry charges. -- Miscellaneous charges. -- Port authority rates and charges policies. -- 10 Finance of international trade -- Export and import prices. -- Payments on 'open account'. -- Bills of exchange. -- Documentary credits and allied documents. -- Transferable credits. -- Back-to-back credits. -- Revolving credits. -- Red clause credits. -- Acceptance credits. -- Factoring. -- Bank finance for exports. -- Less common forms of trade. -- Changing methods of payment. -- 11 Port management structure and dock labour -- Size and scope of the port authority. -- Port authority organization. -- Dock labour. -- 12 Budgetary control and marketing -- Revenue, expenditure and investment budgets. -- Marketing. -- Market analysis. -- Market structure. -- Market share. -- Market research. -- Media plan. -- Computerization. -- 13 Role of British and international port and cargo-handling organizations -- British Ports Association (BPA). -- International Association of Ports and Harbours (IAPH). -- International Cargo Handling Co-ordination Association (ICHCA). -- International Labour Organization (ILO). -- International Maritime Organization (IMO). -- National Association of Port Employers (NAPE). -- The future. -- Appendix A -- Further recommended textbook reading. -- Appendix B -- Addresses of organizations and institutes engaged in the fields of seaports and international trade. -- Appendix C -- Major ports of the world and their location. -- Appendix D -- Seaport and international trade terms and abbreviations.

The book contains a comprehensive review of literature and patent survey concerning olive processing waste. Over 1,000 citations are presented. Wastes considered include olive cultivation solid waste, wastes arising from classical, three- and two-phase olive mills and wastes generated during table olive processing. In addition, information is presented concerning the management of spent olive oil (e.g. from cooking). The book is divided into five parts. Part I presents background information concerning the characterization of olive processing wastes, their environmental impacts if disposed untreated and the effect of utilised olive-mill technology on the quantity and quality of generated wastes. Part II presents physical, thermal, physico-chemical, biological and combined or miscellaneous processes for treating olive-mill wastes. Part III concerns information on utilization of such wastes with or without prior treatment. Part IV concentrates on table olive processing waste and presents information regarding its characterization, treatment and uses. Part V presents an economical and legislative overview regarding olive-mill waste. The book contains a bibliography, glossary of terms used in the text, subject, patent and author indices as well as pertinent internet sites and authorities. *Complete coverage of all available literature and patents concerning olive processing waste including economic and legislative issues *Critical review of up to date utilized processes concerning treatment and uses of such wastes *Determination of research needs for further utilization of such wastes

The healthcare environment is complex, subjected to many changes, and a variety of factors have an impact on the performance of individuals, institutions and organizations in this industry. Because of its complexity, lately there has been a shift in the focus of the literature on healthcare management and organizational performance from a task and profession-oriented perspective to a competency-based one. The accreditation of healthcare services is present all over the world and is regarded by governments, organizations, patients and the general public as a certificate of quality, efficiency and performance. Despite its importance, there are no studies in the literature directed specifically at identifying which competencies drive the achievement of accredited status and support the process leading to accreditation certification. The objectives of this study are to assess Leadership and Management Competencies from the point of view of healthcare managers from accredited institutions and identify their influence on achieving accredited status and to assess if the accreditation process is linked to the improvement and acquirement of competencies. The Global Healthcare Management Competency Directory, which is supported by a variety of international Healthcare Management societies and organizations was used as a tool for the interviews. Results showed that 72 out of 80 of the competencies listed were considered supportive by more than 80% of the participants and that 71,42% have agreed the accreditation process facilitates the improvement and acquirement of competencies in at least one domain. Results also suggest that different competencies are needed according to an individual's position in the organization. Accreditation seems to be one of the goals that mobilize organizations toward a change process and as a complex intervention mobilize various competencies and is also associated with competency learning, acquirement and improvement. ; O Sistema de saúde é complexo, sujeito a várias mudanças e múltiplos fatores têm impacto na performance de indivíduos, instituições e organizações nessa indústria. Por causa da sua complexidade, nos últimos anos houve uma mudança do foco da literatura em gestão de saúde e performance organizacional de uma perspectiva orientada por tarefas para uma focada em competências. A acreditação de serviços de saúde está presente em todo o mundo e é considerada como um certificado de qualidade, eficiência e segurança por governos, organizações, pacientes e o público em geral. Apesar de sua importância, não há estudos na literatura dirigidos especificamente a identificar quais competências influenciam a conquista da acreditação e que auxiliam o processo que leva a certificação. Os objetivos desse estudo são olhar as competências de lideranças e gestão através do ponto de vista dos gestores de saúde de instituições acreditadas, identificar sua influência em atingir a acreditação e observar se existe o desenvolvimento e aquisição de competências como consequência do processo de acreditação. O "Global Healthcare Management Competency Directory", que é endossado por várias sociedades e associações de executivos de saúde mundialmente, foi utilizado para a condução das entrevistas. Os resultados demonstraram que 72 entre 80 das competências listadas foram consideradas necessárias por mais de 80% dos entrevistados e 71,42% concordam que o processo de acreditação leva a aquisição e aperfeiçoamento de competências em pelo menos um domínio. Os resultados sugerem que diferentes competências são necessárias de acordo com a posição do gestor na instituição. A acreditação parece ser um dos objetivos que mobilizam organizações para um processo de mudança e, como exemplo de intervenção complexa, mobiliza diferentes competências e é associado com aprendizado de novas competências e aperfeiçoamento de competências já presentes.

Business, management and business ethics literature pay little attention to the topic of AI robots. The broad spectrum of potential ethical issues pertains to using driverless cars, AI robots in care homes, and in the military, such as Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems. However, there is a scarcity of in-depth theoretical, methodological or empirical studies that address these ethical issues, for instance, the impact of morality and where accountability resides in AI robots' use. To address this dearth, this study offers a conceptual framework that interpretively develops the ethical implications of AI robot applications, drawing on descriptive and normative ethical theory. The new framework elaborates on how the locus of morality (human to AI agency) and moral intensity combine within context-specific AI robot applications, and how this might influence accountability thinking. Our theorization indicates that in situations of escalating AI agency and situational moral intensity, accountability is widely dispersed between actors and institutions. 'Accountability clusters' are outlined to illustrate interrelationships between the locus of morality, moral intensity and accountability and how these invoke different categorical responses: (i) illegal, (ii) immoral, (iii) permissible and (iv) supererogatory pertaining to using AI robots. These enable discussion of the ethical implications of using AI robots, and associated accountability challenges for a constellation of actors – from designer, individual/organizational users to the normative and regulative approaches of industrial/governmental bodies and inter-governmental regimes.

We propose that corporations should be subject to a legal obligation to identify and internalise their social costs or negative externalities. Our proposal reframes corporate social responsibility (CSR) as obligated internalisation of social costs, and relies on reflexive governance through mandated hybrid fora. We argue that our approach advances theory, as well as practice and policy, by building on and going beyond prior attempts to address social costs, such as prescriptive government regulation, Coasian bargaining and political CSR.

Increased and active involvement of multinational corporations in the promotion of social welfare, in developing Countries in particular, through the facilitation of partnerships and cooperation with public and nonprofit sectors, challenges the existing framework of our social and political institutions, the boundaries of nation-states, the distinction between the private and public spheres of our lives, and thus Our freedom. The blurring of certain distinctions, which ought to be observed between the political and the economic is most manifest in the gradual saturation of the field of business ethics with rights-based arguments and analyses. In this article, I first argue against endorsing positive rights as having the same status as negative rights, and then try to demonstrate that, with the transportation of 'rights talk' into business ethics, the dangers of conflating positive and negative rights are Superimposed on the clangers of conflating the private and the political. I conclude by presenting my own stance on the debate on what our basic institutionally sanctioned rights should be, and what the corresponding duties of multinational corporations really are.

Bring Your Own Devices (BYOD) classrooms is the latest addition to the ongoing quest for transforming pedagogical practices and driving educational development outcomes. Governments and policymakers around the world are embracing the idea of integrating digital learning technologies into educational settings backed by research on the benefits offered like the lifelong development of individual learners. While technological interventions open up unlimited possibilities for accessing information and improving collaboration, thereby engaging learners with more interactive learning activities, a new type of gap between individuals could also take shape as the penetration of technologies and adoption stages advance. Results from past projects of similar nature within educational settings have indicated the possible rise in the gap among individuals based on digital access (i.e., equity in access/ownership of digital learning technologies), digital capability (i.e., equity in digital/information literacy skills and usage) and digital outcome (i.e., equity in knowledge acquisition and progression). Therefore, we have conducted a longitudinal study to investigate a BYOD initiative by a New Zealand School. This study shares rich insights in the context of technology-mediated pedagogies and specifically BYOD classroom, as to how digital divides moved beyond access and skills to ensure inclusive learning outcomes. As a part of the five-year study of the technology-mediated teaching and learning initiative, we have been able to explain some of the unanswered questions around the issue of digital divides in the learning process. We investigated issues pertaining to digital divide in the context of BYOD classrooms to make the following revelations. First, the BYOD classroom initiative did not end up accentuating existing gaps in access to digital tools and technologies, despite earlier studies indicating towards increase in gaps. Second, our analysis strongly indicated the changing nature of digital divides with the presence of gaps in terms of information literacy and critical thinking ability, as the BYOD classroom progressed to mature stage. This was eventually bridged in the later stage, as students slowly adjusted to the classroom curricular structures in the BYOD classroom. Third, learner self-efficacy has been identified as a determinant of learning outcomes. In the earlier phase of ICT adoption, learner self-efficacy is influenced by a combination of information literacy, critical thinking ability, and positive motivation; however subsequently, self-efficacy influences affordances in various aspects of social cognitive abilities related to individual's learning activities affecting how learners engage and apply technology to achieve learning outcomes.