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Standard monetary policy is grounded in the quantity theory of money, which links changes in the general price level to excess money that would induce excess demand on the goods market. This article shows that this theoretical foundation is misleading and harmful to growth. This is so because price determination is multifaceted. Central banks, especially the European Central Bank, currently tighten credit conditions whereas money is not an issue. In this way, they act not only on demand but also on the supply of goods. The additional reference made to rational expectations is an aggravating factor. Is there another way to conduct monetary policy? In this article it is argued that circuit theory, which endorses Keynes's dismissal of the quantity theory of money and his proposal to instead consider money flows in relation to the formation and spending of incomes, provides a substitute for standard monetary policy. Inflation and deflation could be avoided through a new structural arrangement of banks' monetary and financial operations. Adapted from the source document.

Since the early 1990s, the IMF has been advising countries to shift to the use of indirect instruments for executing monetary policy. This paper provides information about a monetary policy instruments database, maintained by the Monetary and Capital Markets Department of the IMF. We offer an overview of the information contained in the database in the form of comparative summary tables and graphs to illustrate the use of monetary policy instruments by groups of countries (developing, emerging market and developed countries). The main trend that can be identified from the database information

This paper develops a business cycle model with a financial intermediation sector. Financial wealth is defined as a predetermined state variable. Both, the additional sector of financial intermediaries and predetermination of financial wealth, affect the demand for real financial wealth. If real financial wealth also enters the monetary policy rule, the conditions for stability and uniqueness of the macroeconomic equilibrium path change fundamentally compared to standard New Keynesian business cycle models. Here, real financial wealth is interpreted as a real broad monetary aggregate. Furthermore, different interest rate rules and their consequences for stability and uniqueness of the macroeconomic equilibrium path are considered. Two monetary policy rules are found to be feasible - i.e. if these monetary policy rules are applied there exists a stable and unique macroeconomic equilibrium path. Simulations of the model showed that the monetary policy rule considering inflation and broad money as indicators is optimal.