Suchergebnisse

We provide a framework for monitoring the shadow banking system. The shadow banking system consists of a web of specialized financial institutions that conduct credit, maturity, and liquidity transformation without direct, explicit access to public backstops. The lack of such access to sources of government liquidity and credit backstops makes shadow banks inherently fragile. Shadow banking activities are often intertwined with core regulated institutions such as bank holding companies, security brokers and dealers, and insurance companies. These interconnections of shadow banks with other financial institutions create sources of systemic risk for the broader financial system. We describe elements of monitoring risks in the shadow banking system, including recent efforts by the Financial Stability Board.

Das UNO-Übereinkommen vom 21. Dezember 1965 zur Beseitigung jeder Form von Rassendiskriminierung (RDK) verpflichtet die Schweiz, einen wirksamen Schutz und Rechtsbehelfe durch nationale Gerichte und andere staatliche Einrichtungen gegen alle rassisch diskriminierenden Handlungen zu gewährleisten.

Intense political, social and scientific efforts to improve the position of children are converging rapidly, centered on the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. It is therefore reasonable to assume that there is broad consensus in the international community on how to take the position of children in society seriously. Despite the unique success of the Convention, the situation is such that it forces us, as a matter of urgency, to explore, develop and implement guarantees for effective monitoring of the implementation of the Convention's provisions. In the end, rights are only effective when implemented. This book, containing the contributions made and discussed at the European Conference on Monitoring Children's Rights (organized by Ghent University's Children's Rights Centre in December 1994), presents the results of interdisciplinary research into monitoring to a wider scientific forum. Several monitoring issues are tackled, with particular emphasis on the reporting system: what should be reported (the content of the reports) and who should report (the more formal and procedural aspects of reporting)? Apart from a suitable monitoring mechanism, there is also the self-executing force of the Convention, making it directly enforceable in national courts. Ongoing and dynamic monitoring can be a powerful impetus to making systematic progress in this area. The debate on monitoring the Children's Rights Convention may in this way expand into an attractive and exemplary debate on human rights conventions in general. This book will therefore not only meet the requirements of all those working in the field of children's rights, but can also provide appealing material for all those involved in the field of monitoring human rights

Attentional factors can influence user interaction with automated and semiautomated monitoring systems. Three aspects of human-computer monitoring are considered in this paper: (1) vigilance effects in complex monitoring tasks, (2) factors influencing optimal combination of human and computer monitors, and (3) effects of increased automation on the relationship between mental workload and vigilance. Results of laboratory and simulation studies suggest that vigilance effects can limit performance in complex monitoring tasks. Performance deficits may occur because of either vigilance decrement over time or sustained low levels of vigilance. However, the specific factors that influence sustained performance with complex displays have not been identified precisely. Computer assistance to enhance performance is feasible but may not be effective in all cases. Performance gain is dependent on several factors, including the decision rule for combining human and computer decisions and the level of mental workload imposed on the human monitor. Finally, in assessing the impact of increased automation the beneficial effects on mental workload have to be traded off against possible adverse effects on vigilance. The implications of these factors for the design of automated monitoring systems are discussed.

BASED ON REPORTS BY THE COMMONWEALTH ELECTION-MONITORING TEAM, THE AUTHOR DISCUSSES RECENT ELECTIONS IN GUYANA, KENYA, AND SEYCHELLES.