Suchergebnisse

Cross culturally and historically people who are attracted to members of their own sex ("homosexuals") have been viewed and treated in radically different ways. Some societies have exhibited tolerance or indifference, whereas others have vilified and persecuted homosexuals. Using primary sources, this project reviews the major sociological and medical theories of "homosexuality" between 1864 and 1946, evaluates their bias and political implications, and closes with a brief overview of contemporary research. In chapter two the themes of the texts presented are: causality, diagnosis, and treatment. The primary theory between 1864 and 1908 argues the congenital nature of "homosexuality. The themes in chapter three are: perspectives on "homosexuality," developmental processes, and the nature of patients' relationships to themselves, their families, and others. Arrested development and the importance of childhood relationships become popular theories between 1908 and 1946. These two chapters represent critical shifts in the medicalization of the "homosexual" body from scientific and medical perspectives to psycho-analytic perspectives. Many of the authors provide progressive ideas on "homosexuality" in their quest for scientific answers to a polarized subject matter. Although these early studies attempt to maintain scientific objectivity, they often conceal moral attitudes and prejudice. The theories and approaches analyzed in both chapters tend to pathologize "homosexuality," marginalize individuals and groups, differentiate "homosexuals" from "normal" people while ignoring diversity, and stereotype on the basis of gender. Problems of prejudice and persecution persist today, as described in chapter four. This project guides the reader through the 19th, and early 20th centuries' literature on homosexuality and analyzes its value judgments and political implications for gay and lesbian groups. Finally, a brief overview of contemporary research reviews the possible biological influence on "homosexuality" and homophobia in clinical settings. It is hoped that this journey will be enlightening and enable professionals as well as laity to make informed and fair decisions in the future.

This review is written at a time of great activity in mathematical anthropology, including the recent publication of edited volumes by Kay on mathematical anthropology (35), by Romney, Shepard & Nerlove on multidimensional scaling (50), and by Buchler & Nutini on game theory (8). In addition there have been recent reviews of the field by White (63) and Holfman (31). Space does not permit a complete discussion of all instances where mathematics may have a place in anthropology, so I have chosen to emphasize some topics which have not been fully discussed in the other two review articles. These are measurement problems, some probabilistic topics in social organization, and spatial analyses.

From the 1970s through the present, semiotic anthropology has grown in importance but also has shifted its emphasis, in the process helping to push forward a more general change in the subfields of linguistic and sociocultural anthropology. This article explores that change from the vantage of each of these key subfields, arguing that core concepts of semiotic anthropology have permitted a new rapprochement between sociocultural and linguistic analyses—one which permits each to make better use of the insights of the other. It has also aided anthropologists in overcoming stale conceptual oppositions. Five specific points of contact are explored: (a) indexicality and social context; (b) metalinguistic structuring/linguistic ideology, pragmatics, and social interaction; (c) social power, history, and linguistic interaction; (d) agency, linguistic creativity, and "real time"; and (e) shifting sites, units of analysis, and methods.

Examines - concepts of culture; medical systems; patient's experience of illness and treatment; and other topics. This book includes examples of particular health problems, such as HIV and malaria, which show how an anthropological approach can contribute to a better understanding of health and illness

Intro -- General Editor's Preface -- Welcome Address to the Pre-Congress Conference on Medical Anthropology -- Preface -- SECTION ONE: NATIVE CULTURAL ASPECTS OF HEALING -- Introduction -- Witchcraft, the Shaman, and Active Pharmacopoeia -- The Relevance of African Traditional Medicine in Modern Medical Training and Practice -- Body and Spirit among the Sanumá (Yanoama) of North Brazil -- Coca and Popular Medicine in Peru: An Historical Analysis of Attitudes -- Social Basis of Illness: A Search for Therapeutic Meaning -- Snakebite Cure among the Rama Indians of Nicaragua -- The Traditional Folk Medicine of Taos, New Mexico -- Different Approaches to Medicine among Different People -- Post-Partum Salt Packing and Other Medical Practices: Oman, South Arabia -- SECTION TWO: SPECIFIC SUBJECT PAPERS -- Introduction -- The Incidence of Mental Illness among Italians in an English-Canadian City -- Warning: The Milk in This Package May Be Lethal for Your Infant -- Prehistoric Pictography in North America of Medical Significance -- Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Midwifery -- Cerro Sechin: Medical Anthropology's Inauguration in Peru? -- The Use of Argillaceous Earth as Medicament -- SECTION THREE: INTERACTION OF TRADITIONAL AND WESTERN MEDICAL PRACTICES -- Introduction -- Human Factors in the Regulation of Parasitic Infections: Cultural Ecology of Hookworm Populations in Rural West Bengal -- Analysis of Incidence of Excessive Alcohol Intake by the Indian Population in Montana -- Witchcraft: An Allegory? -- The Process of Medical Change in a Highland Guatemalan Town -- Endemic Goiter, Salt, and Local Customs in Central America: Prevention of a Preventable Disease -- Effect of Rural-Urban Migration on Beliefs and Attitudes Toward Disease and Medicine in Southern Peru -- A Transubstantiated Health Clinic in Nepal: A Model for the Future.

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Questions of vision and knowledge are central to debates about the world in which we live. Developing new analytical approaches toward ways of seeing is a key challenge facing those working across a wide range of disciplines. How can visuality be understood on its own terms rather than by means of established textual frameworks? Visualizing Anthropology takes up this challenge. Bringing together a range of perspectives anchored in practice, the book maps experiments in the forms and techniques of visual enquiry. The origins of this collection lie in visual anthropology. Although the field has greatly expanded and diversified, many of the key debates continue to be focused around the textual concerns of the mainstream discipline. In seeking to establish a more genuinely visual anthropology, the editors have sought to forge links with other kinds of image-based projects. Ethnography is the shared space of practice. Understood not as a specialized method but as cultural critique, the book explores new collaborative possibilities linked to image-based work