Suchergebnisse

Das Verhältnis der russischen Bürger zur staatlichen Macht ist heute durch eine tiefgreifende Entfremdung bestimmt. Es herrscht ein weit verbreitetes "soziales Unbehagen", das auf eine schwere soziale Krise hindeutet. Hierfür sind zwei Faktoren verantwortlich: die Enttäuschung der mit dem Transformationsprozess verknüpften Hoffnungen sowie die Zerschlagung des sowjetischen Systems der sozialen Rechte und Garantien. Eine reflektierte Sozialpolitik fand im postkommunistischen Russland nicht statt. Der Ernst der sozialen Krise in Russland ist das Ergebnis des Zusammenwirkens von drei Schlüsselfaktoren: Reduzierung des materiellen Wohlstands und Armutsentwicklung, Arbeitsmarktentwicklung, negative Entwicklung des Bildungs- und Gesundheitswesens. Mit der Ausbreitung der Armut und der sich vertiefenden sozialen Ungleichheit ist in breiten Kreisen der Bevölkerung die Hoffnung auf Gerechtigkeit geschwunden. Nach der Augustkrise 1998 hat sich der Spielraum für sozialpolitische Maßnahmen in Russland noch weiter verringert. (ICE).

Стаття присвячена дослідженню економіко-організаційних передумов використання фінансового лізингу у тіньових схемах. На підставі проведенного аналізу спрогнозовано подальші тенденції використання фінансового лізингу в тіньових схемах. Подано пропозиції з детінізації лізингових операцій та оздоровлення конкурентного середовища економіки України.

The last decades have witnessed major progress in both monetary policy theory and practice, with broad academic consensus on the desirability of monetary policy rules and ongoing research on their exact specification. Typically, the analysis is carried out in a New Keynesian framework with nominal rigidities and constant capital stock. The latter represents a constraint that this study seeks to overcome by introducing a model with investment and capital adjustment costs. The work assesses different interest-rate rule specifications with respect to the target variables included, based on two criteria: determinacy of rational-expectations equilibrium and convergence to steady state after a shock. The study concludes that rules with both an inflation and an output gap target ensure a unique rational-expectations equilibrium and a less distressful adjustment of the economy after the occurrence of shocks.

The paper deals with the problems of the structural field approach to the study of linguistic phenomena. The foundations for building a field theory in the grammatical structure of language were laid by V. G. Admoni in his works on the theoretical grammar of German. Effectively, the same approach can be applied to any language phenomena as it has a number of advantages over classifications involving the distribution of objects in the systems of level hierarchy. This paper demonstrates the advantages of the structural field approach and possibilities. The author's aim is to study the field of syntactic phraseological phenomena (phraseme constructions), identifying its core, centre, periphery, and adjacent fields, as well as describing the advantages of this method of studying linguistic phenomena. Phraseme constructions belong to the linguistic system and occupy an important place in the grammar of constructions. They are constantly reproduced and filled in speech with concrete vocabulary, stable syntactic models retrieved from memory not elementally, but entirely, and having idiomatic character (the meaning of the filled model cannot be deduced if one does not know the structure of the model and its meaning even before any filling). The properties, namely: polyelementality, reproducibility, stable syntactic structure, idiomaticity and fillability in speech, are indispensable characteristics of the phenomenon described herein: deprived of at least one of them, a phraseological construction ceases to be one. However, phraseme constructions have a larger, typical set of characteristics. In this paper, they are considered from the perspective of an increase and decrease in these characteristics, which allows us to study phraseological constructions as a field whose structure is determined by multiple axes. The structural field approach frees scholars from the need to make clear distinctions between linguistic phenomena with similar functionality on different levels if they have several, divergent typical, basic features of its concrete application through the example of the field of syntactic phraseology.

The paper deals with the problems of the structural-field approach to the study of linguistic phenomena. The foundations for building a field theory in the grammatical structure of language were laid by V. G. Admoni in his works on the theoretical grammar of German. Effectively, the same approach can be applied to any language phenomenon as it has a number of advantages over classifications involving the distribution of objects in systems of level hierarchy. The paper demonstrates the advantages and possibilities of the structural-field approach. It aims at studying the field of syntactic phraseological phenomena (phraseme constructions), identifying its core, centre, periphery, and adjacent fields. Phraseme constructions belong to the linguistic system and occupy an important place in construction grammar. They are constantly reproduced in spoken language and filled in with concrete vocabulary. They are stable syntactic models of idiomatic character that are retrieved from memory as whole entities rather than by separate units (the meaning of a filled model cannot be deduced without prior knowledge of its structure and its semantics per se). The properties, namely polyelementality, reproducibility, stable syntactic structure, idiomaticity, fillability in speech, are indispensable characteristics of the phenomenon described herein: deprived of at least one of them, a construction ceases to be a phraseme. However, phraseme constructions have a larger, typical set of characteristics. In this paper, they are viewed from the perspective of an increase and decrease of these characteristics, making the study of phraseological constructions as a field whose structure is determined by multiple axes possible. The structural-field approach waives the need to make clear distinctions between linguistic phenomena with similar functionality at different levels. The use of the field approach and its methodological advantages are explained through the example of the field of syntactic phraseology.

The article deals with the problem of linguistic taboos and euphemisms in the material of the Yakut language and Sakha culture. In the traditional culture of the Yakut people, the phenomenon of taboo led to the creation of substitute words in the language system, which are secondary nominations. Studying the mechanisms of their emergence, it is possible to study the interaction of human thinking, its language and the surrounding reality. The aim of our study was the means of euphemisms formation: an extensive dictionary of euphemisms, compiled by the author on the basis of several sources, is subjected to study. The various techniques of euphemistic substitution are identified primarily in terms of semantics. The euphemism and the tabooed word are linked in most cases by a metaphor based on figurative associations. At the same time, there is a transposition, which is based not only on semantic, but also on the functional juxtaposition of the linguistic units. Euphemisms are nominations based on metonymy, synecdoche, synonymy, antonymy, foreign words, dialectal and obsolete words are used as substitutes. The principles of synonymic and hyper-hyponymic substitution are also relevant. The latter are based on the logical periphrasis, an indirect descriptive designation of the object and phenomenon of reality. In most cases, the semantic components of euphemisms are related to the background knowledge of native speakers about a given reality. The cultural and historical background surrounding each word is an integral component of the meaning of the nomination. The presence of a special term kharys tyl in the Yakut language, naming protective words, i.e. euphemisms, demonstrates a special attitude to the word performing magical functions in the human collective.

The common notion that financial crises pose serious threats to autocratic regime stability has been challenged over the last decades both on theoretical and empirical grounds by the extensive number of authoritarian regimes that seem to be absolutely impervious to financial and economic shocks. So, why do financial crises only sometimes lead to autocratic regime collapse? What mechanisms do (de)stabilize authoritarian regimes during financial crises? And under what conditions is autocratic regime breakdown likely to happen? This dissertation addresses these questions by bringing together insights from the democratization, comparative autocracy, and political economy strands of research. It argues that the relationship between financial crises and autocratic regime breakdown is highly conditional, and depends on a complex interplay of economic and political factors. In three standalone papers, this dissertation scrutinizes the entire process of crises induced autocratic regime instability and regime collapse, and examines the effects of different economic and political factors on the probability of autocratic regime survival and collapse during specific types of financial crises. The key findings of this dissertation demonstrate that the destabilizing effects of financial crises may vary by crisis type, that in response to financial crises, policymakers in autocracies can implement crisis policies that prolong authoritarian rule, and that institutions by which autocracies govern may immunize them from political risks during financial crises, or, by contrast, may precipitate elite defection and regime collapse. Overall, this dissertation provides many new theoretical and empirical insights into the sources of autocratic regime survival and breakdown during financial crises. It also provides one more evidence that economic and political problems do not exist in isolation from one another, rather they are linked together in complex networks of weirdly tangled cause-effects relationships, which we do not yet fully ...