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Internationalisation has been a major trend in higher education since early 1990s. The Finnish polytechnics came to exist at the same time. A lot of interest and efforts were focused on their internationalisation since early on. There were, however, no clear-cut models or guidelines on why, how and what polytechnic internationalisation should be all about. As a polytechnic Head of Internationalisation in 1995-2001, the author of the present study came to work on exploring and defining higher education internationalisation through a case study. The study was introduced in 1997 by semi-structured interviews of some 20 different actors of Vantaa Temporary Polytechnic (VAMK). Questions were posed to teachers, students and managers concerning conceptions of internationalisation in general and at VAMK. The interviews, as typed out, comprise some 300 pages of text. The theoretical study revealed there was very little written theory or studies concerning higher education internationalisation. Also, a more recent phenomenon, globalisation, was introduced into the same sphere as internationalisation, making the picture more blurred. Un understanding of internationalisation is approached through examining definitions of the term as well as by a brief study on globalisation. Another small study is done on Finland's internationalisation process with the EU membership in 1995 as a crucial turning point. More extensively, the author examines definitions of higher education internationalisation with particular focus on the rationales or motivations of the phenomenon. The research approach as concerns the empirical data is mainly ethnographic, i.e. the researcher is, typical of internationalisation study perhaps, setting on a journey of discovery, investigating the phenomenon as it was experienced by the various actors in the target institution. The research is also a discourse analysis focusing both on the discourse of the polytechnic actors as well as some political, academic and media texts of the time of the study, mid to late 1990s. The focus of the empirical study is on the rationales of internationalisation. While considering her research approach, the author had intuitively looked for metaphors as characteristic phrasings of internationalisation in the empirical data. One metaphor is used in the title of the study, under a bright star, which an informant used in order to describe how internationalisation was organised and targeted at VAMK in the early years. In the final phases of the study, metaphors formed a vital tool in the study besides the more conventional text analysis. Through the study of the empirical data the author has been able to refresh the mainstream typology of the rationales of higher education internationalisation as well as to contribute to the definition of the phenomenon. The author contends that the role of unofficial internationalisation rationales is bigger than conveyed in mainstream definitions. The metaphor study helped describe and understand concepts of polytechnic (higher education) internationalisation, at least at its early stages, by suggesting root metaphors or common underlying understandings of internationalisation such as travel, natural forces and fears of the foreign (languages). As this is a case study, it is not meaningful to make generalisations of the findings. They may, however, be helpful in understanding and analysing the features of education internationalisation, especially as concerns the early stages of the phenomenon in an institution. KEY WORDS: Higher education internationalisation, globalisation, rationales of internationalisation, metaphors of internationalisation.

This paper studies the effects of environmental pollution in the Polytechnic Ibadan, as public issue for sustainable development. Primary data were sourced through survey method of questionnaire. Spot observation of facilities and staff handlers supported the survey. The data sample size of 250 respondents drawn through random sampling technique was adopted. in this order: 12% were administered to staff at the Health Centre, 20% to staff of Works and Service Units, and 16% to staff in other Departments. The remaining 52% were administered to Students. The data were analyzed using simple descriptive statistical tables and percentages. The secondary data for this work were obtained from Health Centers' documents, literature reviews of related works and text books .The findings of the work revealed that sanitation habit is a way of life in The Polytechnic, Ibadan. This community supported the factor of ensuring a safe and hygienic condition as the reason for consideration with (38%) response. Other factors such as societal values (32%) and mass media (40%) are much more significant to this people than government policies .Also the choice of technological practices is a function of financial capability as it attracted highest attention of 30% responses. It was noted that academic environment favors this programme than urban settlement because of intellectual innovation and creativity of ideas. However this community put up some identifiable obstacles that hindered proper hygienic practices. DOI:10.5901/mjss.2015.v4n1p377

Muslim traveller, nowadays, has become one of the potential markets in tourism sector. It is estimated that the number of Muslim traveller will reach up to 230 million by 2026. As a country which has the most muslim dwellers in the world, Indonesia is potential to attract more muslim travellers to visit, especially Lombok-West Nusa Tenggara, as the best Halal Tourism Destination and Halal Honeymoon Destination in 2016. In 2017, it was reported that 20% of the total tourists visiting Lombok was Muslim and 80% was conventional tourists. Without neglecting the conventional tourism, together with other nine provincial governments all over Indonesia, the West Nusatenggara government has made Friendly Muslim market as one of its current and main programs. To support the program, local governments have upgraded and built infrastructures especially in Special Economic Zone (SEZ) Mandalika. The operation requires at least 70,000 professional workers to hit tourism global market. As consequence, tourism education should be significantly grown to fulfil the demands of professional tourism workers. The Ministry of Tourism pointed Lombok Tourism Polytechnic (LTP), as a centre of excellence of Halal Tourism, to be one of the vocational institutions under The Ministry of Tourism by providing qualified human resources through qualification and certification especially to strengthen Friendly Muslim market. Therefore, LTP involves lecturers of various background knowledge related to tourism development and utilizes a curriculum, which is suitable with local people's character and Islamic norms. In tourism industry, LTP also attempts to strengthen Halal Tourism market through creating ranges of halal beverage products. As a centre of excellence in Halal Tourism in Indonesia, LTP has become only one higher vocational institution that has Centre of Halal Tourism Studies. LTP assists the government in taking tourism policies in Friendly Muslim marketing based on the results of research conducted on local experts, destinations and community involved in tourism industries. Through this research organisation, LTP often conducted several research study and community services involving their students. In addition, to get knowledge and professional skills, students also were get more knowledge about Muslim friendly market through seminar and lectures.

This paper aims to examine implications of Japan's 'polytechnic diplomacy'approach as its international development strategy towards Indonesia. Utilizingconcepts and framework related to international development assistance,triangular development cooperation (TDC), and public diplomacy, this paperargues that development fund disbursement affects interactions among actors,not only in bilateral context but also multilaterally. Mainly, on how this activitytransform an aid recipient into a potential partner for the donor's futureinternational development programs. It is occurred due to the facilitation ofdonor's triangular development cooperation (TDC). The aid recipient's successstory thus prompted the donor to perceive them as its development ambassador.the pattern continues as the donor attempts to disseminate the formula to otherdeveloping countries. The Electrical Engineering Polytechnic of Surabaya(EEPIS) exemplifies the case on how a specific foreign aid approach raises globalmultiplier effects to both aid provider and recipient.

As long ago as 1992, Greville Rumble was writing about the "competitive vulnerabilities" of single-mode distance teaching institutions [universities]. In the intervening years the challenges he described have only intensified, especially so as advancing information and communication technologies have enabled increasing numbers of campus-based tertiary institutions to enter distance learning, usually targeting the part-time adult learner market that was formerly the preserve of single-mode distance learning providers.There are also wider and larger pressures at play. Disruptive digital technologies, globalisation of education, constrained government funding, shifting student expectations, and changes in demand for future skills, are all driving the need both to re-examine fundamental aspects of the ODFL (open, distance and flexible learning) model (as indeed they are for tertiary education more generally), and to re-consider the core ODFL principle of "learner-centricity" and what it might mean within this changing context. The Open Polytechnic of New Zealand has recently undertaken a major programme of digital and organisational transformation to meet the changing needs of its distinctive learner constituency, and to enhance the organisation's flexibility in responding to changing external factors. This institutional reengineering that disaggregates functions and unbundles processes and services, holds potential for both improved performance and enhanced partnering opportunities within a network of provision.

Based upon a survey of more than three thousand respondents and forty in-depth interviews, the aim of this article is to examine the impact of migration on sexual resocialisation. In particular, we show how living in London influenced the attitudes of Central and East European migrants towards pre-marital sex and homosexuality. While the general acceptability of pre-marital sex was not affected by time spent in London, differences were noted in the meaning attached to sex outside marriage in the United Kingdom compared with Central and Eastern Europe. Particularly significant changes were observed in our respondents' attitudes towards homosexuality, with a greater liberalisation the result of extrication from mechanisms of social control, re-socialisation into new social norms regarding sex and sexuality, greater visibility of sexual difference in London and, in particular, inter-personal contacts with gays and lesbians. Limitations to the general liberalisation of attitudes were also noted.

This study was designed to identify the unique shaping of the university/student relationship through the lens of the in loco parentis concept. The questions asked were to what extent has in loco parentis defined the relationship of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University and its students through the institution's history as framed by: (a) the institution's mission, (b) university governance, (c) the definition of in loco parentis, and (d) institutional culture? Has in loco parentis found its sustenance at this institution through legal or cultural justification, or both? Qualitative case study methodology was utilized to examine in loco parentis within four time periods: (a) Shaping of a Land Grant University, 1891-1907, (b) Expansion of VPI Post World War II, 1945-1955, (c) Establishing the University, 1945-1955, and (d) Framing the Present, 1988- 1992. The research concluded that in loco parentis was historically grounded in the legal interpretation provided by the court. In loco parentis was sustained within this study by the culture of one particular land grant university grounded in its original charge of structuring a military lifestyle. The legal system provided a steady and constant external sustenance of in loco parentis and the institutional culture provided internal justification for in loco parentis as demonstrated within the history and tradition of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Each time period studied provided a view of the University that defined its role to its students in place of parent under the dominant influence of presidential leadership. ; Ph. D. ; incomplete_metadata