Suchergebnisse

This article aims to provide additional theoretical insights and empirical evidence for the transferability hypothesis (immigrants' past political experiences in the origin country affect their subsequent political involvement in the destination country) and the exposure hypothesis (the longer immigrants are in their new land, the more likely they are to adapt their attitudes and behavior to the new political environment). Using data from the Ethnic Minority British Election Study (EMBES), it examines the effects of immigrants' past political experiences and exposure to the British political system on their confidence in British political institutions. The results show that immigrants from more autocratic countries exhibited greater satisfaction with democracy in the UK than those from more democratic countries but that this relationship gradually diminished as the proportion of life spent in the UK increased. Immigrants from more autocratic origins confronted more severe discontinuities in political systems and expressed disproportionately high levels of confidence in British political institutions. However, these differences in attitudes between immigrants from different systems disappeared over time as immigrants adjusted to the new political environment in Britain. These results suggest that immigrant political adaptation is a "cross-border" interactive process in which immigrants learn to adjust to their new political surroundings by linking their past experiences with their present situation (transferability) and by familiarizing themselves with the new polity (exposure).

By 2019, the United States plans to resettle approximately 50,000 refugees from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The purpose of this study was to identify and understand the challenges, risks, and strengths of adult Congolese refugee women resettled in the United States to help policymakers, service providers, and other stakeholders prepare for the arrival of Congolese women and their families. Researchers conducted in-depth interviews and focus groups with Congolese refugee women ( n = 28) and resettlement service providers ( n = 29) in three US cities. The findings of this study reveal the complex and dynamic nature of Congolese refugee women's resettlement experiences in the United States and highlight the importance of recognizing the intersection of pre- and post-migration factors during resettlement. This article offers concrete implications for the social work profession and practitioners.

In Turkey and Morocco, as in most regions of the Muslim world, consanguineous or kin marriage is part of a long-standing tradition of matrimonial practices. As modernisation brings with it higher levels of education, urbanisation and an increasing geographical mobility, these practices are coming under pressure. Similarly, it could be expected that the support of young people for kin marriages would decline through migration to Europe and the integration in their host society. However, a comparison of the prevalence of consanguineous marriages in the immigrant communities in Belgium and the countries of origin provides evidence of the contrary. Through an in depth analysis of the evolution of kin marriages over different migrant and minority cohorts in Belgium, explanations are sought for this unexpected development. The analyses reveal that consanguineous marriages are often crossborder marriages and thus intimately linked to the facilitation of new migrations. In the new setting created by migration and restrictive migration policies, a new logic or rationale seems to support the practice of kin marriages. Once more a proof is found that matrimonial strategies and practices are highly adaptable to changing contexts and opportunities. Together with the increasing number of kin marriages among Turks and Moroccans, the analyses disclose an apparently opposing trend, i.e. that of a declining number of marriages with friends of the family (practical kin). It is argued that the trade-off in marriages between practical kin and relatives is a first indication of the weakness of cross-border matrimonial practices; practices that link marriage to migration and immigrants to their regions of origin. The analyses are based on log-linear techniques. The data come from two representative surveys of Turks and Moroccans in Belgium, and the household records of the Demographic and Health Surveys for Turkey and Morocco.

Mental and somatic health was compared between older Somali refugees and their pair-matched Finnish natives, and the role of pre-migration trauma and post-migration stressors among the refugees. One hundred and twenty-eight Somalis between 50–80 years of age were selected from the Somali older adult population living in the Helsinki area ( N = 307). Participants were matched with native Finns by gender, age, education, and civic status. The BDI-21 was used for depressive symptoms, the GHQ-12 for psychological distress, and the HRQoL was used for health-related quality of life. Standard instruments were used for sleeping difficulties, somatic symptoms and somatization, hypochondria, and self-rated health. Clinically significant differences in psychological distress, depressive symptoms, sleeping difficulties, self-rated health status, subjective quality of life, and functional capacity were found between the Somali and Finnish groups. In each case, the Somalis fared worse than the Finns. No significant differences in somatization were found between the two groups. Exposure to traumatic events prior to immigrating to Finland was associated with higher levels of mental distress, as well as poorer health status, health-related quality of life, and subjective quality of life among Somalis. Refugee-related traumatic experiences may constitute a long lasting mental health burden among older adults. Health care professionals in host countries must take into account these realities while planning for the care of refugee populations.

Abstract This paper considers the roles of migration and group‐specific ethnic penalties in minority groups' life chances. In relation to existing knowledge of extensive diversity between ethnic groups, and outlining a range of frameworks within which to understand that diversity, the paper first explores the relationship of class origins to parental educational and economic assets for three groups of migrant parentage and a comparison white non‐migrant group. Second, the paper investigates for the different ethnic groups how the probability of having a professional or managerial class outcome is influenced by class origins and by the educational achievements of the "second generation". Analysis is based on the ONS Longitudinal Study, which enables the study members to be tracked from 1971, when they were children living with their parents, to their own social class outcomes in 1991 and 2001. Because processes of occupational achievement may take different lengths of time for different groups, occupational outcomes are modelled in both 1991 and 2001, and also outcomes in 2001 conditional on position in 1991. The paper shows that there is evidence of differential processes operating for different ethnic groups that go beyond their class background, but which cannot be attributed to discrimination operating equally against all minority groups.

People seeking asylum are at an increased risk of mental disorder compared to refugees and other migrants. This paper aims to understand the impact of postmigration social–environmental factors to help inform efforts to reduce rates of mental disorder. We conducted a systematic review searching 11 databases, as well as 6 government and nongovernment websites. We asked 5 experts for recommendations, and carried out forwards and backwards citation tracking. From 7004 papers 21 were eligible and had the appropriate data. Narrative synthesis was conducted. 24 Social–environmental factors were identified and categorised into 7 themes: working conditions, social networks, economic class, living conditions, healthcare, community and identity, and the immigration system. Evidence suggests that discrimination and post-migration stress are associated with increased rates of mental disorder. The post-migration environment influences the mental health of people seeking asylum. Discrimination and post-migration stress are key factors, warranting further research and public attention. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s10903-020-01025-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

AbstractThis article examines how post‐migration relationships are critical to shaping long‐term migration and employment aspirations among migrant workers. The article offers an analysis of low‐wage migrant workers' experiences of establishing new families after migration within Canada's state‐managed foreign labour migration regime. While the relational dynamics of migrant labour are well documented, scholarship in this area tends to focus on the affective dimensions of maintaining transnational ties across time and geographic distance. In response, this article contributes to a growing interest among scholars to better understand a more varied range of emotional complexities associated with cross‐border labour migration. Two main findings are presented. First, the article examines how prolonged family separation can result in the formation of new intimacies that can reshape migrant workers' affective connections to sending and receiving countries. Second, the article examines how policies that entrench migrant workers' temporary resident status doubly aggravate workers' experiences of imposed family separation.

Background: There is growing evidence of the impact of post-migration factors on the mental health of refugees. To date, few UK studies have been conducted. Aims: The study investigated the relationship between trauma, post-migration problems, social support and the mental health of refugees and asylum seekers. Methods: Refugees and asylum seekers ( n = 47) were recruited mainly from clinical settings. Self-report measures of post-migration problems, mental health problems and social support were completed in an interview. Results: Bivariate associations were identified between increased symptoms and number of traumas, adaptation difficulties, loss of culture and support and confidant support. In multivariate analyses post-migration problems were significantly associated with post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and emotional distress. There was no significant association of symptoms and number of traumas or social support. Conclusions: The results suggest that clinical services should provide holistic interventions within a phased approach when working with refugees and asylum seekers. At a policy level, the results suggest the need for asylum policies that reduce post-migration problems and provide support for refugees and asylum seekers.

Abstract
Background
Despite the growing recognition of the impact of post-resettlement factors on the mental health of refugees, a clear definition of the concept of post-migration stress, as well as an updated, valid instrument for assessing the construct, are still lacking. The aim of the current study was to develop and validate the Refugee Post-Migration Stress Scale (RPMS), a concise, multi-dimensional instrument for assessing post-migration stress among refugees.

Results
Based on a review of previous research and observations from a refugee trauma clinic, a preliminary 24-item instrument was developed, covering seven hypothesized domains of post-migration stress: perceived discrimination, lack of host country specific competences, material and economic strain, loss of home country, family and home country concerns, social strain, and family conflicts.
In the context of a population-based survey of mental health among refugees from Syria recently resettled in Sweden (n = 1215), the factorial structure of the RPMS was investigated. Confirmatory Factor Analysis revealed slightly insufficient fit for the initial theorized multi-domain model. Exploratory Factor Analysis in four iterations resulted in the omission of three items and an adequate fit of a 7-factor model, corresponding to the seven hypothesized domains of post-migration stress. To assess concurrent validity, correlational analyses with measures of anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and mental wellbeing were carried out. All domains of post-migration stress showed significant correlations with anxiety, depression, and PTSD scores, and significant negative correlations with mental wellbeing scores.

Conclusions
The newly developed RPMS appears to be a valid instrument for assessing refugee post-migration stress. Our findings that post-migration stress primarily relating to social and economic factors seems to be associated with mental ill health among refugees is in line with previous research.

Abstract
Background
The evidence is mixed as to whether individuals' coping strategies may mitigate the adverse mental health effects of post-displacement stressors in refugee populations, with some indications that the buffering effects of coping strategies are context dependent. The present study examined if problem-solving and acceptance coping strategies were effect modifiers between post-migration stressors and mental health in adult refugees from Syria resettled in Sweden.

Methods
Study aims were investigated using cross-sectional survey data from a nationwide, randomly sampled group of adult refugees from Syria granted permanent residency in Sweden between 2011 and 2013 (Nsample = 4000, nrespondents = 1215, response rate 30.4%). Post-migration stressors examined included: financial strain, social strain, host-country competency strain and discrimination. Two mental health outcomes were used: anxiety/depression, measured with the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25; and well-being, measured with the WHO-5 Well-being Index. Both outcomes were modelled continuously. Coping strategies were measured using the BRIEF Cope scale. Interactions between coping strategies and post-migration stressors were tested in fully adjusted linear regression models using Wald test for interaction, corrected for multiple testing using the Benjamini–Hochberg procedure.

Results
Both problem-solving and acceptance coping strategies buffered the adverse association between financial strain and symptoms of anxiety/depression, and problem-solving coping strategies buffered the adverse association between host-country competency strain and anxiety/depression.

Conclusions
The study suggests that individuals' coping strategies may to some degree buffer the adverse mental health effects of financial strain and host-country competency strain experienced by refugees in the resettlement phase. Although this pattern was only found in regard to anxiety/depression and not subjective well-being, the findings show that individual-level coping skills among refugees may contribute to adaptation in the face of post-settlement adversities. Notwithstanding the importance of attending to refugees' psychosocial conditions, refugees residing in refugee camps and newly resettled refugees might benefit from interventions aiming at enhancing individual coping resources and skills. The potential effect of increased controllability and decreased conflict-proximity also warrants further exploration in future studies.