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Objective: This article provides a review of areas that present significant challenges in infection prevention and control and describes human factors engineering (HFE) approaches that have been applied successfully to these areas. In addition, implications and recommendations for HFE use in future research are discussed. Background: Infection prevention and control aims to prevent patients and health care personnel from acquiring preventable infections in healthcare. Effective infection control practices of healthcare-associated infections have recently become even more critical with the emergence of life-threatening infections. HFE could benefit infection prevention and control in addressing older and more recent challenges, but uptake has been limited. Method/Results: This literature review is an integration and synthesis of recently published research that describes HFE-based approaches in infection prevention and control to address the challenges for three specific topics. The results of the review suggests that HFE is in a position to support work in infection prevention and control and improve overall healthcare safety. Conclusion: HFE provides conceptual frameworks and methods that have significant potential to improve infection prevention and control. Application: The work reviewed can provide potential solutions for current infection prevention and control challenges by applying HFE based recommendations.

Background: Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are the major global cause of morbidity and mortality. In Mongolia, a number of health policies have been developed targeting the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases. This paper aimed to evaluate the extent to which NCD-related policies introduced in Mongolia align with the World Health Organization (WHO) 2008-2013 Action Plan for the Global Strategy for the Prevention and Control of NCDs. Methods: We conducted a review of policy documents introduced by the Government of Mongolia from 2000 to 2013. A literature review, internet-based search, and expert consultation identified the policy documents. Information was extracted from the documents using a matrix, mapping each document against the six objectives of the WHO 2008-2013 Action Plan for the Global Strategy for the Prevention and Control of NCDs and five dimensions: data source, aim and objectives of document, coverage of conditions, coverage of risk factors and implementation plan. 45 NCD-related policies were identified. Results: Prevention and control of the common NCDs and their major risk factors as described by WHO were widely addressed, and policies aligned well with the objectives of the WHO 2008-2013 Action Plan for the Global Strategy for the Prevention and Control of NCDs. Many documents included explicit implementation or monitoring frameworks. It appears that each objective of the WHO 2008-2013 NCD Action Plan was well addressed. Specific areas less well and/or not addressed were chronic respiratory disease, physical activity guidelines and dietary standards. Conclusions: The Mongolian Government response to the emerging burden of NCDs is a population-based public health approach that includes a national multisectoral framework and integration of NCD prevention and control policies into national health policies. Our findings suggest gaps in addressing chronic respiratory disease, physical activity guidelines, specific food policy actions restricting sales advertising of food products, and a lack of funding specifically supporting NCD research. The neglect of these areas may hamper addressing the NCD burden, and needs immediate action. Future research should explore the effectiveness of national NCD policies and the extent to which the policies are implemented in practice.

Abstract Background Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are the major global cause of morbidity and mortality. In Mongolia, a number of health policies have been developed targeting the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases. This paper aimed to evaluate the extent to which NCD-related policies introduced in Mongolia align with the World Health Organization (WHO) 2008–2013 Action Plan for the Global Strategy for the Prevention and Control of NCDs. Methods We conducted a review of policy documents introduced by the Government of Mongolia from 2000 to 2013. A literature review, internet-based search, and expert consultation identified the policy documents. Information was extracted from the documents using a matrix, mapping each document against the six objectives of the WHO 2008–2013 Action Plan for the Global Strategy for the Prevention and Control of NCDs and five dimensions: data source, aim and objectives of document, coverage of conditions, coverage of risk factors and implementation plan. 45 NCD-related policies were identified. Results Prevention and control of the common NCDs and their major risk factors as described by WHO were widely addressed, and policies aligned well with the objectives of the WHO 2008–2013 Action Plan for the Global Strategy for the Prevention and Control of NCDs. Many documents included explicit implementation or monitoring frameworks. It appears that each objective of the WHO 2008–2013 NCD Action Plan was well addressed. Specific areas less well and/or not addressed were chronic respiratory disease, physical activity guidelines and dietary standards. Conclusions The Mongolian Government response to the emerging burden of NCDs is a population-based public health approach that includes a national multisectoral framework and integration of NCD prevention and control policies into national health policies. Our findings suggest gaps in addressing chronic respiratory disease, physical activity guidelines, specific food policy actions restricting sales advertising of food products, and a lack of funding specifically supporting NCD research. The neglect of these areas may hamper addressing the NCD burden, and needs immediate action. Future research should explore the effectiveness of national NCD policies and the extent to which the policies are implemented in practice.

BACKGROUND: Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are the major global cause of morbidity and mortality. In Mongolia, a number of health policies have been developed targeting the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases. This paper aimed to evaluate the extent to which NCD-related policies introduced in Mongolia align with the World Health Organization (WHO) 2008-2013 Action Plan for the Global Strategy for the Prevention and Control of NCDs. METHODS: We conducted a review of policy documents introduced by the Government of Mongolia from 2000 to 2013. A literature review, internet-based search, and expert consultation identified the policy documents. Information was extracted from the documents using a matrix, mapping each document against the six objectives of the WHO 2008-2013 Action Plan for the Global Strategy for the Prevention and Control of NCDs and five dimensions: data source, aim and objectives of document, coverage of conditions, coverage of risk factors and implementation plan. 45 NCD-related policies were identified. RESULTS: Prevention and control of the common NCDs and their major risk factors as described by WHO were widely addressed, and policies aligned well with the objectives of the WHO 2008-2013 Action Plan for the Global Strategy for the Prevention and Control of NCDs. Many documents included explicit implementation or monitoring frameworks. It appears that each objective of the WHO 2008-2013 NCD Action Plan was well addressed. Specific areas less well and/or not addressed were chronic respiratory disease, physical activity guidelines and dietary standards. CONCLUSIONS: The Mongolian Government response to the emerging burden of NCDs is a population-based public health approach that includes a national multisectoral framework and integration of NCD prevention and control policies into national health policies. Our findings suggest gaps in addressing chronic respiratory disease, physical activity guidelines, specific food policy actions restricting sales advertising of food products, and a lack of funding specifically supporting NCD research. The neglect of these areas may hamper addressing the NCD burden, and needs immediate action. Future research should explore the effectiveness of national NCD policies and the extent to which the policies are implemented in practice.

As awareness has grown internationally of the harms caused by financial fraud, there has been a concomitant increase in efforts to prevent and control it. Despite this growing awareness, the literature addressing measures against financial fraud has not yet been systematically reviewed or synthesised. On the basis of a scoping literature review, this study provides a structured overview of the literature on prevention and control measures targeting financial fraud (n = 159). We classify these measures on the basis of four functions specified by Maesschalck and Bertók (2009): "determining and defining," "guiding," "monitoring," and "enforcing." Looking at a period of just over 20 years, we see that a growing number of studies have been published on this topic, with most focusing on "monitoring" (k = 98) and the least on "enforcing" (k = 37). With 11.3% and 12.0% of the studies respectively, both criminology and Europe are less represented in the literature than expected. Most studies are cross-sectional, many are methodologically weak, and they all provide only limited information on the effectiveness or the costs of the anti-fraud measures. The literature is thus not up to the challenge of facing what has become one of the most frequent and threatening crimes worldwide. In the conclusion, we sketch an agenda for future research to help address this gap.

Bovine cysticercosis is a zoonotic parasitic infection caused by the larval stage (Cysticercus bovis) of Taenia saginata. This study aimed to identify prevention and control measures for bovine cysticercosis indicated by experts in the fields of public and animal health. The study was conducted through three rounds of the Delphi method and had the participation of 44 experts from 13 Brazilian states in 30 educational institutions, research institutions, and sanitary inspection services. The first round comprised an open question, the answers to which formed the basis for structuring the second and third questionnaire. To reach a consensus in the second and third rounds, experts were asked to express their agreement or disagreement of each proposition on the questionnaire using a five-point Likert scale. A descriptive statistical analysis was performed at the end of each round. Twenty-three specialists (52.27%) participated in all three rounds. The first round resulted in 28 proposals categorized into six areas: health education, methods of diagnosis and treatment, sanitation measures, epidemiological studies, legislation and sanitary supervision, and intersectorality. In the second round, the experts reached a consensus on 16 propositions (57.14%). This percentage increased by 3.54% during the third round. At the end of the third round, the experts had reached a consensus on 17 of the 28 initial propositions (60.71%). The highest percentage of agreement (29.4%) was observed in the category of health education. This study allowed us to identify 17 recommendations pertaining to the prevention and control of bovine cysticercosis. These measures are not mutually exclusive, and require an integrated approach to the establishment of intervention actions at various points in the life cycle of the parasite.

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak, caused by the most recently discovered coronavirus, is currently affecting a large population across the globe. World health organization (WHO) has already declared COVID-19, a pandemic, and the world is fighting to contain the COVID-19 outbreak. Nepal has taken several preventive measures to control the coronavirus outbreak. However, some additional steps are needed to prevent community transmission of the disease. This brief communication discusses the government of Nepal actions and provides recommendations for the prevention and control of COVID-19 infection in Nepal. Keywords: coronavirus, COVID-19, Nepal, pandemic, prevention

Editors' preface / Donald E. Benken, Meredith A. Reynolds, and Alicia S. Hunter -- Foreword: Legal preparedness for obesity prevention and control / George A. Mensah -- -- I. Introduction -- Legal preparedness for obesity prevention and control: the public health framework for action / William Dietz and Alicia S. Hunter -- Legal preparedness for obesity prevention and control: a framework for action / Judith A. Monroe, Janet L. Collins, Pamela S. Maier, Thomas Merrill, Georges C. Benjamin, and Anthony D. Moulton -- -- II. Public Health Legal Preparedness for Obesity Prevention and Control: Status of Core Elements -- Legal preparedness for obesity prevention and control: the structural framework and the role of government / Demetrios L. Kouzoukas -- Assessing laws and legal authorities for obesity prevention and control / Lawrence O. Gostin, Jennifer L. Pomeranz, Peter D. Jacobson, and Richard Gottfried -- Assessing competencies for obesity prevention and control / Wendy Collins Perdue, Alice Ammerman, and Sheila Fleischhacker -- Assessing coordination of legal-based efforts across jurisdictions and sectors for obesity prevention and control / Marice Ashe, Gary Bennett, Christina Economos, Elizabeth Goodman, Joseph Schilling, Lisa Quintiliani, Sara Rosenbaum, Jeffrey Vincent, and Aviva Must -- Assessing information on public health law best practices for obesity prevention and control / Peter D. Jacobson, Susan C. Kim, and Susan R. Tortolero -- -- III. Options for Improving Public Health Legal Preparedness for Obesity Prevention and Control -- Improving laws and legal authorities for obesity prevention and control / Jennifer L. Pomeranz and Lawrence O. Gostin -- Improving legal competencies for obesity prevention and control / Sheila Fleishhacker, Alice Ammerman, Wendy Collins Perdue, Joan Miles, Sarah Roller, Lynn Silver, Lisa Soronen, and the Honorable Leticia Van de Putte -- Improving coordination of legal-based efforts across jurisdictions and sectors for obesity prevention and control / Aviva Must, Gary Bennett, Christina Economos, Elizabeth Goodman, Joseph Schilling, Lisa Quintiliani, Sara Rosenbaum, Jeffrey Vincent, and Marice Ashe -- Improving information on public health law best practices for obesity prevention and control / Susan R. Tortolero, Karyn Popham, and Peter D. Jacobson -- Legal actions options table -- Obesity prevention and control legal bibliography -- Appendix ; guest edited by Donald E. Benken, Meredith A. Reynolds, and Alicia S. Hunter. ; "Summer 2009." ; Papers from the National Summit on Legal Preparedness for Obesity Prevention and Control held June 18-20, 200 by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. ; Title from "cover" (viewed on March 4, 2009). ; Mode of access: Internet (Acrobat .pdf file: 5.02 MB, 152 p.). ; System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader.