Suchergebnisse

In Indonesia, the processed food industry is one of the strategic sectors of economic growth because rapid and massive innovation expected to accelerate the recovery of the Indonesian economy during Covid-19 pandemic. Therefore, this study aims to identify the innovation barriers as well as to understand how they interact with each other so that the decision makers can focus on to overcome these barriers. There is a presentation of hierarchy-based and the mutual relationships among these hindrances using interpretive structural modeling. Three main barriers including economic or political uncertainty, overlapping government regulations, and low organizational commitment was identified to show a high driving power with a low dependence because they have strategic importance and require great attention from stakeholders. The results become a reference for stakeholders in formulating the innovation development strategies and several formulating policies for the maintenance of political or economic stability as well as the harmonization of regulations. Keywords: barriers, innovation, ISM, modeling, processed food industry

[Conclusion]: This exploration into the application of the SPS regime in the processed food products in India was focussed on five processed product lines, each from a different segment of the wide spectrum of available products. It was observed that all selected processed food products were assisted by the policy liberalisation regime of the early 1990s. But, in the post-WTO period, particularly since 1996/97, the complexity of the SPS regime seems to have significantly constrained market access in developed countries for Indian processed food products. The poultry product (e.g., egg powder) and marine (Shrimps) product exports to EU and USA reveal contrasting scenarios. Egg powder plants in India that were dedicated to produce exports to the EU markets closed down because of the imposition of stricter food safety standards. On the other hand, the EU approved plants for processing marine products, many exporters could not understand or cope with the shifting safety standards, and they explored alternative markets. As a result, the realized unit value of these exports declined. The hiatus between scientific merit and trade economics is further brought home, when the application of SPS measures to Peanuts/Groundnuts, Mango Pulp and Mushrooms export lines are examined. The case studies confirm the untenability of higher and stricter food safety standards in EU and USA, given emerging trends in dietary preferences and living standards. Although India has a competitive edge in production, market outcomes appear to have been dominated by the impact of SPS as a major non-tariff barrier. This development bodes ill for the successful continuation of multilateral trade arrangements visualised in the WTO agreement. We have repeatedly seen in all five case studies that SPS norms are used by manufacturers of the processing industry machinery in the developed countries to process food exports from the developing countries. The ingenuity, if any, of the importing nation in crafting non-tariff measures to thwart greater access to processed food exports from the developing countries has become more explicit and transparent. Detention of food consignments on grounds like unapproved, not listed, does not demonstrate the maturity of the dominant developed country trading partners. (It was shown that a large number of Indian poultry consignments got rejected due to the following specification targets: (i) Filthy, (ii) Salmonella, (iii) Not-listed, (iv)Unapproved and (v) Insanitary.) Similarly, actions like the insistence on the use of the Turtle Extruder Device (TED), a particular sampling techniques for Aflatoxin testing, and the practice of frequently changing sensitivity levels for testing results, and the resort to emergency notification clauses are indeed trade distorting. To conclude, the case studies highlight the crucial issues of maintaining quality norms, from a developing country perspective, and attempt to link issues of SPS barriers and broader economic issues related to international trade. Our preliminary investigation reveals that SPS affects Indias (and possibly other developing countries) exports differently than is generally believed. Besides, the push for use of highly capital intensive technologies to gain compliance with SPS regulations leads them to becoming, in practice, non-tariff barriers for the developing countries exports. Though the developed countries present a picture of genuine concern for the welfare of developing countries through different arrangements and programmes like preferential market access through the Lome Convention, the preliminary investigations undertaken in these case studies show a contrasting picture. In the final analysis, processed food exports must become a viable instrument to sustain and enhance social welfare in developing countries through poverty alleviation. This is possible if all trading partners work towards making the trinity of science, safety and trade of food products blend to form a harmonious unity.

Critics of the food industry allege that it relentlessly pursues profits at the expense of public health. They claim that food companies "ultra-process" products with salt, sugar, fats, and artificial additives, employ advanced marketing tactics to manipulate and hook consumers, and are ultimately responsible for a global epidemic of health ailments. Companies are also launching entirely new lines and categories of food products catering to diabetes or weight management drugs such as Ozempic.

Marion Nestle, a leading public health advocate, nutritionist, award-winning author, and Professor Emerita at New York University, first warned in her 2002 book "Food Politics" that Big Food deliberately designs unhealthy, addictive products to drive sales, often backed by industry-funded research that misleads consumers. This week on Capitalisn't, Nestle joins Bethany and Luigi to explore the ultra-processed food industry through the interplay of four lenses: the underlying science, business motives, influencing consumer perceptions, and public policy.

In the international scene, country-of-origin labelling (COOL) is a controversial issue. We aim at defining criteria for the country-of-origin marking COOL for processed foods and figure out the effect of COOL on international trade. We conduct qualitative and systematic research using the Delphi method. The panel of experts in food labelling and food policy was composed of 19 members in 13 countries. The experts actively discussed topics ranging from the possible protectionism of COOL to the desirability of worldwide standardisation of COOL, providing comprehensive perspectives on the issues concerning COOL. The essential consensus is that multiple countries of origin marking can give accurate information about the origin of food produced by two or more countries, avoiding misinformation for consumers. This research provides valuable insights for the formulation of COOL policy in various countries. The main limitation is due to the absence of the view of producer associations.

We have developed a method to alternate porous and dense dielectric films in order to build high refractive index contrast distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) capable of reflecting very efficiently in a targeted spectral range employing a small number of layers in the stack. Porous layers made of SiO2 nanoparticles and compact sol–gel processed TiO2 layers are sequentially deposited. The key to the preservation of porosity of every other layer during the deposition process is the use of a sacrificial layer of polystyrene that prevents the infiltration of the interstitial voids between nanoparticles with the homogeneous solution of TiO2 precursors. Our approach allows preparing a series of DBRs operating along the whole visible spectral range. Reflectance values as high as 90% are achieved from only seven layers. The particular distribution of porosity along one direction gives rise to an interesting interplay between the optical properties of the system and the vapor pressure in the surrounding atmosphere, which we foresee could be put into practice in gas sensing devices ; The research leading to these results received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013)/ERC grant agreement no. 307081 (POLIGHT) and the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness under grant MAT2014 54852-R. MA is grateful to "La Caixa" Foundation for its financial support. FESEM characterization was performed at CITIUS, and we are grateful for its support. ; We acknowledge support by the CSIC Open Access Publication Initiative through its Unit of Information Resources for Research (URICI). ; Peer reviewed

We have developed a method to alternate porous and dense dielectric films in order to build high refractive index contrast distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) capable of reflecting very efficiently in a targeted spectral range employing a small number of layers in the stack. Porous layers made of SiO2 nanoparticles and compact sol–gel processed TiO2 layers are sequentially deposited. The key to the preservation of porosity of every other layer during the deposition process is the use of a sacrificial layer of polystyrene that prevents the infiltration of the interstitial voids between nanoparticles with the homogeneous solution of TiO2 precursors. Our approach allows preparing a series of DBRs operating along the whole visible spectral range. Reflectance values as high as 90% are achieved from only seven layers. The particular distribution of porosity along one direction gives rise to an interesting interplay between the optical properties of the system and the vapor pressure in the surrounding atmosphere, which we foresee could be put into practice in gas sensing devices. ; España, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad MAT2014 54852-R ; España, European Union's Seventh Framework Programme FP7/2007–2013)/ERC

This book is based on the proceedings of a conference held in June 1996 under co-sponsorship of the International Agricultural Trade Consortium and The Retail Food Industry Center. The International Agricultural Trade Research Consortium (lA TRC) is a group of 160 economists from 16 countries who are interested in fostering research relating to international trade of agricultural products and commodities and providing a forum for the exchange of ideas. Each summer the IATRC sponsors a symposium on a topic relating to trade and trade policy from which proceedings are published. A list of past symposia and related publications may be obtained from Laura Bipes, IATRC Executive Director, Department of Applied Economics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108.