Suchergebnisse

We investigate the effect of Islamist terrorist activity on women's economic, political and legal position in society, using data for 168 countries between 1970 and 2016. We provide robust evidence that increased activity by Islamist terrorist groups is associated with lower levels of women's empowerment and rights. Various instrumental-variable approaches yield the same conclusion, suggesting that the adverse effect of Islamist terrorism on women' rights is causal. Further emphasizing the role of violent Islamist fundamentalism, we find no evidence that Islam per se (as indicated by a country's Muslim population share) affects the position of women in society. Finally, we show that left-wing and nationalist-separatist terrorism do not affect women's rights, which reinforces the notion that Islamist terrorism is singularly interested and effective in achieving weaker women's rights. We argue that our findings are consistent with predictions of a strategic model of terrorism, where (1) Islamist terrorists use violence to curb women's rights because they consider modern notions of gender equality to be corruptive and (2) governments make concessions that constrain the role of women in society because the costs of compliance are lower than the political and economic harm that would result from further Islamist terrorist attacks.

As the role of women in the society at large has changed, religion in America has responded to the changes in a number of ways. New professional roles in church and synagogue have been opened to women, including, in most mainline denominations, that of ordained clergy. Lay leadership positions as well are increasingly being filled by women. Along with these structural changes, a number of theological issues have been engendered, including the recovery of women's share of religious history, changing images of God and the church, and issues relating to sexual equality and justice. On the other hand, some religious groups have taken the lead in opposing women's assumption of more public roles and also movements to free women from the domestic role through, among other things, abortion, birth control, and divorce. These issues have been joined to larger movements over which religious groups and denominations have become polarized. They have also affected the churches' expectations of a large pool of female volunteer workers. Thus the general pattern of changing roles for women has changed the structure, both social and ideological, of American religion.

9th International Conference on Sustainable Development and Planning -- 2017 -- Bristol, ENGLAND ; WOS: 000467120500030 ; Today's transformations undergone in working life cause conflicts between individuals' roles in working life and daily life. As the responsibilities and roles in working life increase, meeting the requirements of being a spouse, mother, father, etc. become harder; in the same manner, prioritizing family life generates certain problems in working life. In Turkey, in spite of some gender equity reforms over last ten years, the Turkish welfare regime still has some inequality problems in terms of generations and genders. However, women's low activity rate is still the most critical characteristic of the labour market. This study aims to examine the major features of Turkish welfare regimes and family policies. Some historical reasons and social norms which effect the gender-based discrimination and segregation of work in the labour market are also analysed. For better seeing the relationship between work-life balance and gender equality in working life in Turkey, mostly comparative data on family policies, the labour market, and demographic indicators from the OECD, EU, and the Turkish Statistic Institute are used. ; Wessex Inst Technol, WIT Transact Ecol & Environm, Int Journal Sustainable Dev & Planning, Univ W England

AbstractWomen provide crucial support in Indian agriculture and household livelihood; however, they remain confined as workers. Designed farm tools available are mainly used by male farmers, and rural women are left to use traditional tools and procedures resulting in low efficiency, drudgery, occupational health risks, and low income. Their contributions fall under indirect material income and go unacknowledged even in decision making. Illiteracy, lack of knowledge among rural women, improper training, and less opportunity for skill development worsen their subdued existence. Formal education, availability of economically viable agricultural machinery for women, training, extension services, social engineering, and gender budgeting is need of the hour. Gender budgeting would assess the quantity and adequacy of allocation of resources for women and establish the extent to which gender commitments are translated into budgetary commitments. Active participation of rural women would boost their socioeconomic recognition, confidence in economic competence, and promulgate sustainable societal growth.

The process of organizing societies at village level started in Punjab in 1978.The dairy co-operatives are organized with a three-tier structure i.e. milk producers' cooperatives society at the village level, the union of societies at the district level and the federation of the unions at the state level. The Punjab Government has been making serious efforts to increase milk production in rural areas through a network of cooperatives which are main center of procurement, processing and distribution of surplus milk in urban areas. It is an attempt to examine the income and expenditure from Women Milk Producers' Cooperative Societies (WMPCS) in Punjab and to examine the district wise income and expenditure from Women Milk Producers' Cooperative Societies (WMPCS) in Punjab. The study is based on primary data collected from Punjab State Cooperative Milk Producers' Federation Limited (MILKFED) in Punjab' Women Milk Producers' Cooperative Societies' (WMPCS) respondents in Ropar, Patiala and Sangrur districts, books, journals and internet etc. The main findings of the study are the highest percentage of buffaloes is found in Sangrur i.e. 76.15 percent followed by Patiala (74.56) and Ropar (73.33) and cows' maximum percentage is found in Ropar i.e. 26.67 followed by Patiala (25.44) and Sangrur (23.85). The income categorized in three groups the first is less than 120000, second is between 120000 to 300000 and third is above 300000. The maximum proportion of women i.e. 41.88 fall in second income group followed by first (40.94) and third (17.18) income group. The highest income is received from women respondents in Ropar i.e. 206750.39 followed by Sangrur (172347.62) and Patiala (166419.89). The highest average expenditure on dairy activities is also found in Ropar i.e. 153605.37 followed by Patiala (125142.86) and Sangrur (119355). The highest surplus is also gained in Ropar i.e. 53145.02 followed by Sangrur (52992.62) and Patiala (41277.03).The women respondents are facing many problems regarding milch animals such as the cost of feed is high, low procurement cost, increasing expenses on rearing milch animals, vaternary services is not sufficient, shortage of insurance of animals and loan facilities.

Supporting and caring for each other are crucial parts of the social tissue that binds people together. In these networks, men and women hold different positions: Women more often care more for others, listen more to the problems of others, and, as kin keepers, hold families together. Is this true for all life stages? And are social conditions, among other things bound to the organization of work and family, an essential explanation of these differences? Data from the sixth wave (1997) of the Panel Study of Belgian Households allow us to answer these questions. The results show that women are the glue holding social relations together. They play a central role as friends, daughters, sisters, mothers, and grandmothers throughout all stages of the life course. Similar life commitments do not reduce these gender differences but instead emphasize them even further.