Suchergebnisse

Social Representations is one of the most important theories in contemporary social psychology. Since the social psychologist Serge Moscovici developed his theory of social representations to explain how a scientific theory such as the psychoanalysis turns into a common sense knowledge many studies have been done by different social psychologists. The analysis of the social representations of women as represented in myths & popular beliefs is an excellent opportunity to study how this theory can be applied to this representational field. At the same time it makes possible to understand the formation of attitudes towards women.

The education of researchers in Sweden is regulated by a nationwide reform implemented in 1969, which intended to limit doctoral programs to 4 years without diminishing quality. In an audit performed by the government in 1996, however, it was concluded that the reform had failed. Some 80% of the doctoral students admitted had dropped out, and only 1% finished their PhD degree within the stipulated 4 years. In an attempt to determine the causes of this situation, we singled out a social-science department at a major Swedish university and interviewed those doctoral students who had dropped out of the program. This department was found to be representative of the nationwide figures found in the audit. The students interviewed had all completed at least 50% of their PhD studies and had declared themselves as dropouts from this department. We conclude that the entire research education was characterized by a laissez-faire attitude where supervisors were nominated but abdicated. To correct this situation, we suggest that a learning alliance should be established between the supervisor and the student. At the core of the learning alliance is the notion of mutually forming a platform form which work can emerge in common collaboration. The learning alliance implies a contract for work, stating its goals, the tasks to reach these goals, and the interpersonal bonding needed to give force and endurance to the endeavor. Constant scrutiny of this contract and a mutual concern for the learning alliance alone can contribute to its strength.

Angemessene Beurteilungen zu erheben, die multikulturelle Besonderheiten berücksichtigen, ist ein aktuelles Forschungsthema innerhalb der Psychologie der Beratungspraxis. Allerdings existiert bisher nur wenig an Forschung zu der Frage, wie Schulpsycholog(inn)en in ihrer Arbeit multikulturelle Problemstellungen handhaben. Pilotstudien haben gezeigt, dass diese nicht besonders beachtet wurden. In der vorgestellten Studie, die Teil einer größeren Untersuchung ist, wurden die Antworten von zahlreichen Schulpsycholog(inn)en im amerikanisch-mexikanischen Grenzgebiet ausgewertet. Basis waren eigens entwickelte Vignetten, die von zwei Studierenden mit Lernproblemen handelten, wobei in den Geschichten die ethnische Identität variiert wurde. In dem Beitrag wird nur eine Vignette und deren Analyse vorgestellt.

This contribution is based on the personal experience of soc psychol & of development by the author; the domain of the psychiatrist is noted as being the meeting place of soc psychol & development, & the ground for thoughts as to the usefulness of soc psychol to the understanding & promotion of development. In a preliminary statement, the framework & content of the western psychiatrist's experience in Africa is briefly defined; the interest & the difficulty of a multidisciplinary collaboration which the author set up at the CHR (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire) in Fann-Dakar are underlined. As an illustration of the contribution of soc psychol to the development of psychiatric assistance in Senegal, reference is made to the multidisciplinary studies of the Centre de Recherches Psychopathologiques de l'Universite de Dakar (Center for Psychopathologic Res of the U of Dakar), which the author directs. The team has been doing res for about 10 yrs & deals with important & varied problems such as: traditional representations of mental diseases by indigenous pop's, traditional & western types of structure of therapeutic instit's & how one can mix them in order to achieve better adapted therapeutic communities; the fam environment of the mentally ill; epidemiologic res on mental illness & health work...these studies are examples of the contribution of soc psychol to the problems that psychiatric assistance, mental hygiene & formation present in Africa. The understanding of the processes which integrate & organize the personality of the individual & of the role of the fam & of the model-transmitting groups in these processes (ie the subject matter of soc psychol itself) enlarges the daily practice of the clinician. Development in Africa should preserve & adapt the traditional therapeutic community; this is difficult in a time which still carries the marks of a colonial past. Changing to a reciprocity of the new partners is easy neither for the African nor for the Europeans; this is however the cost of replacing manipulation by participation & of creating a collaboration which will lead to development. AA Tr by M. Laferriere.

Anhand der Situation der im niedersächsischen Justizvollzug tätigen Psychologen wird der Beruf des/ der Anstaltspsychologen(in), seine Position innerhalb der Anstaltshierarchie sowie die mit diesem Beruf verbundenen Tätigkeiten dargestellt. Die Statistik zeigt eine Konzentration der wenigen Anstaltspsychologen in Jugendstrafvollzugsanstalten. Die Position der Psychologen in der Anstalt wird als randständig charakterisiert. Aus Dienstpostenbeschreibungen geht hervor, daß die Tätigkeit der Psychologen von vollzuglichen Anforderungen bestimmt wird. Sie ist im wesentlichen Verwaltungsarbeit. Lediglich die Tätigkeit in einer sozialtherapeutischen Anstalt umfaßt auch genuin psychologische Komponenten, wie Diagnostik und Therapie. (BO)

The aim of this paper is to explore how some macro changes brought about by globalization have created new opportunities, but also difficult problems for community psychologists. (a) Economic changes, which have created new jobs in different areas of the world and promoted the emergence of a "sharing economy", but also fostered huge disparities both within and across countries. (b) Political changes, such as increased polarization and the growth of nationalist and populist parties, which amplify divisiveness but go along with a transformation of the notion of citizenship and identity. (c) Technological changes brought about by the artificial intelligence revolution, which opens up both opportunities and dangers for job prospects, and by the diffusion of social networks, able of both promoting political participation and increasing political polarization. Finally, aims that community psychologists could pursue to help develop the opportunities and reduce the problems that emerge from these changes are discussed.

Abstract
Educational leaders are faced with the difficult task of providing optimal services to all students. Among their many challenges is to choose between a variety of professionals whose mission is to improve outcomes by addressing largely nonacademic risk factors that affect students' ability to benefit from their educational experiences. Specialized instructional support personnel are often hired to help remove barriers to learning and improve student outcomes; however, certification requirements for these professionals vary by discipline and state. The purpose of this article is to replicate Altshuler and Webb's analysis of certification requirements for school social workers, school psychologists, and school counselors. To do so, the authors adopted a comparative case study approach to collect, identify, compare, and contrast extant documents related to state certification, including degree, education-specific coursework, practicum/internship experiences, and examination requirements. Results indicate that although school social work certification has become more rigorous, its requirements remain more varied across all categories reviewed compared with those for school psychologists and school counselors. The article concludes with recommendations for practice, policy, and research.

Perhaps the defining feature of humanity is the social condition -- how we think about others, identify ourselves with others, and interact with groups of others. The advances of evolutionary theory, social cognition, social identity, and intergroup relations, respectively, as major fields of inquiry have been among the crowning theoretical developments in social psychology over the past three decades. Marilynn Brewer has been a leading intellectual figure in the advancement of each of them. Her theory and research have had international impact on the way we think about the self and its relation to others. This festschrift celebrates Marilynn's numerous contributions to social psychology, and includes original contributions from both leading and rising social psychologists from around the world. The volume will be of interest to social psychologists, industrial/organizational psychologists, clinical psychologists, and sociologists.

Work on soc perception & norm formation is noted & the healthy interdisciplinary aspect of exp'tion in soc psychol is stressed. The `dream' of an integration of interdisciplinary efforts is found to be embodied most prominently today in the phrase `behavioral sci's.' Current res & writing indicate that there is a greater emphasis on individual behavior, somewhat to the neglect of comparable emphasis & data on the org'al patterns among individuals, their instit's, value or norm systems, & technology. There are cases in which culture is defined in strictly individual terms & is seen only within the confines of specific interpersonal relations. Carried to its extreme, 'behavioral sci' would lead to the absorption of the soc sci's by an all-embracing sci of individual behavior. The contributions soc psychol can make most effectively are discussed. They include: the study of the meaning of the S-cul setting to the reacting individual, & the study of the processes of perceiving, judging, learning etc, of the individual within his S-cul setting. The conception of the soc disciplines working at their own level of analysis, & psychol working at the level concerned with individual experience & behavior will make it possible to check results across the various disciplines, but reductionist trends must be curbed. M. Maxfield.