Suchergebnisse

The relationship between the development of the modern state & the emergence of the intellectual class in Western societies is examined to assess the extent to which the intellectual is a dying breed. It is noted that the collusion between the state & the intellectual class eventually yielded to two parallel trends: the gradual replacement of ideological mobilization by the panoptical system of rule & control, & the division of intellectual work into narrowly defined areas of specialty. These trends sparked a demand for self-assertion on the part of intellectuals that found expression on three fronts: the political, the professional, & in leadership positions. The unstable unification of intellectuals as defenders of freedom in the twentieth century is discussed, & the ambivalent relationship between the educated classes & political administrators examined. Michel Foucault's much-discussed "obituary" to the universal intellectual, in which he implores scholars to focus on local concerns rather than universal ones, is appraised, & the curious silence on the part of the intellectual class throughout much of the 1980s is investigated. W. Howard

In 1934, during the Kemalist period, the Surname Law was passed in Turkey, which required all citizens of the new republic to adopt & register under Turkish surnames. President Mustafa Kemal was given the name Ataturk, Father of the Turks. Since the 1980s, scholars have taken a great interest in the historiography of the early Republic of Turkey & Ataturk's role in it. They have researched a broad range of sources seeking to understand the legacy of the period as seen by various population groups. This paper seeks to enhance the social historical understanding of how a multi-ethnic population came to be constructed in the image of a national idea. Family name narratives & documents show that the registration process was uneven, shaped as it was by patterns of authority within families & communities. In some cases, the new names adopted served to change identities, as names are traditional cultural forms that situate individuals within national, gender, status, & ethnic groups. A range of factors influenced the selection of a name, including interactions between population officials & individuals or families. J. Stanton

Der Verfasser untersucht die Beziehungen zwischen dem Königshaus, den politischen Parteien und der Gesellschaft (speziell den nichtstaatlichen Organisationen) nach den Parlamentswahlen von 1998. Er konstatiert, dass die Gesellschaft und ihre Organisationen sich so frei betätigen können wie nie zuvor. Menschenrechts- und Frauenorganisationen haben sich relativ eigenständig und unabhängig von den herrschenden Kräften des Landes entwickelt. Er sieht aber Anzeichen dafür, dass diese Freiheit bedroht ist, und zwar in dem Maße, wie die Parteien an Macht gewinnen und sich durch die Aktivitäten der nichtstaatlichen Organisationen bedroht fühlen. (DÜI-Cls)

This article analyzes the politics of South American economic integration by considering the recent dynamics of the Southern Common Market (Mercosur). It focuses on the three most important countries in that process: Argentina, Brazil, & Chile. Contrary to received wisdom about the strength of states & societies in these three countries, the Mercosur process illustrates surprising strength on the part of states in Argentina & Brazil & surprising strength of civil society in the Chilean case. To demonstrate this argument, it analyzes two key aspects of the integration process: the initiation of the common market project by Argentina & Brazil & the decision by Chile to join Mercosur as an associate member. Adapted from the source document.

The meanings of civil society & community-state interactions in the rural People's Republic of China are discussed in an anthropological fieldwork study of farmers in the southwestern Sichuan Province, 1991-1993. Despite initial gains following decollectivization in the 1980s, these farmers grew increasingly disillusioned with state farmers as a result of (1) inflation & increases in state-imposed taxes & levies, (2) the corruption of local government, (3) the decline of traditional social structures, & (4) feelings of isolation from the prosperity of other areas of the country. Although the Western definition of civil society is characterized by a strict state-society division, it is argued that this conception is not compatible with the Chinese situation, & most citizens view the state as part of, rather than distinct from, society. Western-style civil society has emerged in Sichuan in the form of nongovernmental organizations, township-village enterprises, & community associations. The Sichuan example highlights the need for a more expansive model of civil society that is not strictly based on contractual market relations & avoids the absolute separation of state & society. 12 References. T. Sevier

The evolution of parties portrays a shift from civil society to the state, the culmination of which is the cartel party. Previous research has noted the vulnerabilities of the cartel model, emanating from processes originating in civil society. This study, based on the Israeli case, relates the weakness of the cartel not to challenges from without, but to its own vulnerabilities. The shortage of resources, the fragmentation of the party system & the decline of established parties are inherent to the cartel. Solutions to these maladies are sought in civil society in the framework of the post-cartel party. Taking advantage of developments occurring in the post-individualistic society, parties penetrate civil society by allying with voluntary associations & by stimulating politics of identity. The new, post-cartel, type of party combines the organizational benefits of the cartel while at the same time returning to grassroots social forces. 2 Tables, 49 References. [Copyright 2001 Sage Publications Ltd.]

This article examines the impact of Korean civil society on politics since democratization. Weak mediating institutions prevent the systematic inclusion of societal actors in the policymaking process, pitting an increasingly strengthened civil society against the state. Consequently, Korean state-society relations continue to remain contentious, posing challenges to democratic governance.